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ap 21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nose provides an | Airway for respiration |
| the nose | moistens, warms, filters and cleans incoming air |
| what does the nose provide for speech | resonance chamber |
| the nose houses | olfactory receptors |
| the nose is divided into | the external nose and the nasal caity |
| the nasal cavity is | entirely within the skull |
| the external nose is formed of | hyaline cartilage and bones of the skull |
| the nasal cavity consists of two types of | epithelium |
| the naal cavity consists of what two types of epithelium? | Olfactory Mucosa and Respiratory Mucosa |
| Respiratory Mocosa is made of. | pseudostratified ciliated epitheal with goblet and mucous cells, and serous glands |
| Serous glands are | watery fluids with enzymes. |
| serous glands secrete | lysozyme |
| lysozyme is an | antibacterial enzyme |
| mucus traps | dust bacteria and othr debris |
| epithelial cells secrete | defensins |
| defensins are... | natural antibiotics |
| water helps | humidify the air |
| ciliated cells move mucus towards the | stomach |
| the nasal cavity is surrounded by the | paranasal sinuses |
| homeostatic imbalance | rhinitis |
| inflammation of the nasal mucosa with excess mucus production, nasal congestion and post nasal drip. | rhinitis |
| when the sinuses are blocked, the air is absorbed causing a vacuum. this is known as.. | sinus headache |
| the pharynx connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the | larynx and esophagus inferiorly. |
| serves as only an air passageway | nasopharynx |
| the nasopharynx contains the | pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) |
| what traps and destroys airborne pathogens?? | pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) |
| during swallowing what closes off so stuff doesn't go into the nasal cavity? | the softplate and uvula |
| what is homeostatic imbalance of the pharynx? | enlarged adenoids |
| ________ _________ make it difficult to breath thru the nose, impair speech and sleep. | enlarged adenoids |
| pharyngotympanic means | auditory |
| ____________ is an air AND food passageway that extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis | oropharynx |
| the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils are found where? | Oropharynx |
| what is the air and food passageway that lies directly posterior to the epiglottis | the laryngopharynx |
| the __________ is stratified squamos epithelium | laryngopharynx |
| this is made of elastic cartilage and is covered by tasebud containing mucosa and anchored to thyroid cartilage | epiglottis |
| the vocal folds and the medal space between them are called | glottis |
| ______ _________ involves the intermittent release of expired air and the opening and closing of the glottis | voice productionlaryngitis |
| what is homeostatic imbalance of the larynx? | Laryngitis |
| ______ ________ is a behavior in which the glottis closes to prevent exhaation and the abdominal muscles contract, causing intra-abdominal pressure to rise to help empty the rectum and stabilize th body trunk when one lifts a heavy load?? | Valsalva's Maneuver |
| what is lined with goblet cell containing pseudostratified epithelium that propels mucus toward the pharynx.. | Mucosa |
| what is.. connective tissue layer with seromucous gands that help produce mucous "sheets" within the trachea. | Submucosa |
| the submucosa rests of the | cartilage rings |
| what is a connective tissue layer that envelops the cartilage?? | Adventitia |
| what are the three layers of the trachea, or windpipe | Mucosa, Submucosa and adventitia |
| what is the outtermost layer of the trachea | Adventitia |
| The branching pattern of airways is often called the ________ or ______________ _______ | Bronchial or Respiratory Tree |
| the conducting zone consists of right and left | primary bronchi |
| Primary bronchi enter each lung and diverge into | secondary bronchi |
| secondary bronchia serves | each lobe of the lungs |
| secondary bronchi branch into several orders of | tertiary bronchi |
| tertiary bronchi ultimately branch into | Bronchioles |
| debris must be removed by | macrophages |
| the _______ zone begins as the terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles that terminate in alveolar ducts within clusters of alveolar sacs, which consist of alveolie | The respiratory Zone |
| 300 million of them on average consist | Alveoli |
| _____ ______ consists of a single layer of squamous wpithelium, type I cells, surrounded by a basal lamina | Respiratory membrane |
| what lung is smaller | left |
| what lung is bigger | right |
| how many lobes does the right lung have | 3 |
| why is the right lung smaller | due to the heart position |
| how many lobes does te left lung have | 2 |
| Each lobe has about 9-10 | bronchopulmonary segments |
| consists largely of air spaces | Lung tissue |
| what is comprised mostly of elastic connective tissue? | Stroma |
| unoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs | 2 pulmonary arteries |
| oxygenated blood back to the left atrium | 4 pulmonary veins |
| the lungs are ______ by parasympathetic and sympathetic motor fibers that constrict or dilate the airways, as well as visceral sensory fibers. | innervated |
| what forms a thin, double layered serosa? | Pleurae |
| pleura that covers the thoracic wall, superior face of the diaphragm and continues around the heart between the lungs | parietal pleura |
| pleura that covers the external lung surface | visceral pleura |
| the pleural cavity is filled with | pleural fluid |
| what is hoeostatic imbalance of the lungs and pleurae?? | pleurisy |
| inflammation of the pleurae, resluting from pneumonia | Pleurisy |
| what are the two phases of breathing and pulmonary respiration?? | inspiration and Expiration |
| Respiratory pressure is described relative to | atmospheric pressure |
| what does Hg stand for | Mercurey |
| Respiratory pressure is how many mm of mercurey | 760 |
| 760mm Hg is = to | 1 atm at sea level |
| (Ppul)is | Intrapulmonary pressure |
| (Ppul) is the pressure in the | alveoli |
| (Pip) is | Inrapleural Pressure |
| (Pip) is the pressure in the | pleural cavity |
| What pressure is always 4 mm Hg less | Intrapleural |
| the difference between the pressures that keeps the lungs from collapsing | Transpulmonary Pressure |
| what is homeostatic imbalance of the pressure relationships | Atelectasis (lung collapse) |
| occurs when bronchioles become plugged and its associated alveoli absorb all of its air and collapses | Atelectasis (lung collapse) |
| After a lung collapses and air enters the pleural cavity this is known as | pneumothorax |
| - means.. | air in |
| + means | air out |
| 0 means | no air in or out |
| a mechanical process causing gas flow into and out of the lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity | pulmonary ventilation |
| volume changes lead to | pressure changes |
| pressure changes lead to | the flow of gasses to equalize the pressure |
| _____ _______ states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of gas varies inversely with its volume P1V1=P2V2 | Boyle's Law |
| P1V1= | P2V2 |
| during this the diaphram and intercostals contract | quiet inspiration |
| quiet inspiration results in an increase in | thoracic volume |
| accessory muscles of the neck and thorax contract, increasing thoracic volume beyond the increase in volume during quiet inspiration | foced inspiration |
| scalenes, SCM, pec minor | Neck and thorax |
| ________ ________ is a passive process that relies mostely on elastic recoil of the lungs as the thoracic muscles relax. | Quiet expiration |
| is an ACTIVE process relying on contraction of abdominal muscles (esp. obliques) to increase intra-abdominal pressure and depress the rib cage. | Forced Expiration |
| what is not a factor in a healthy person | Airway Resistance |
| ________ _________ is the friction encountered by air in the airways; gas flow is reduced as airway resistance increases | Airway Resistance |
| airway resistance is greatest at the | medium-sized bronchi |
| this system causes vigorous constriciton of the bronchioles | Parasympathetic System |
| this is when histamine and other inflammatory chems cause strong bronchoconstruction. | Acute Asthma |
| what causes vasodilation | Epinephrine |
| the lungs strech during inspiration and | recoil during expiration |
| what are other obstuctions in the pulmonary ventilation system | mucus, fluids, solid tumors |
| this is when liquid molecules are more stongly attracted to each other than gas molecules.. | alveolar surface tension |
| this draws water molecules together | surface tension |
| in the lungs,water would "squeeze" the alveoli into colapsing if not for __________________ | surfactant |
| surfactant is a | lipid-like detergent |
| surfactant is produced by | type II Alveolar cells |
| IRDS | Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
| ____ ____________ is determined by distensibility of lung tissue and the surrounding thoracic cage, and alveolar surface tension. | Lung Compliance |
| Lung compliance means | strechability |
| Higher lung compliance= | greater distensibility |
| people with poor lung compliance have | fibrosis |
| volume is a | single measurement |
| capacity means | 2-3 volumes together |
| the amount of air flushed in and out of the lungs depends on conditions of | inspiration and expiration |
| what is used to gain information about a persons respiratory status | Respiratory Volumes and Respiratory Capacities |
| the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath during quiet breathing and is about 500mL. | Tidal Volume |
| __________ is the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired beyond the tibal volume after tidal inspiration around 2100-3200mL. | Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
| what is the amount of air that can be evacuated from the lungs after tidal expiration, about 1000-1200mL. | Expiratory Reserve Volume |
| ____ _________ is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal forced expiration, and is necessary to keep the alveoli paten and prevent lung collapse | Residual Volume |
| what consists of two or more capacities | Respiratory Capacities |
| ______ _________ is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume, and represents the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration | Inspiratory Capacity |
| IC= | TV+IRV |
| Inspiratory Capacity is when you | breath in maximally after quiet expiration |
| FRC | Functional residual capacity |
| _____ _______ _____________ is the amount of air remaining int he lungs after tial expiration and is RV+ERV | Functional Residual CApacity |
| _____ ________ is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve volumes, and is the total amount of exchangeable air | Vital capacity |
| TV+IRV+ERV= | VITAL CAPACITY |
| _____ ______ _______ is the sum of all lung volumes | Total Lung Capacity |
| tidal volume is | .5lt of air or 500mL |
| ________ _______ ______ is the volume of the conducting zone conduits | Anatomical dead space |
| what contributes to gas exchange in the lungs about 150mL | Anatomical dead space |
| ______ _______ ______ is added to the anatomical dead space | Alveolar dead space |
| Anatomical dead space + Alveolar dead space = | Total dead space |
| _______ _________ evaluate losses in respiratory function | Pulmonary Function Tests |
| pulmonary function tests are performed using a | spirometer |
| ________ _______ is the total amount of gas that flows in or out of respiratory tract in one minute | Minute Ventilation |
| what is 6L/min at rest; and 200L/min during excercise | Minute ventilation |
| what test measures the amount of gas expelled when subject takes a breath and exhales forcefully and quickly | Forced Vital capacity |
| what determined the amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC test. | Forced Expiratory Volume |
| a healthy person can exhale 80% of FVC within | one second |
| what are nonrespiratory air movements are | coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawning. |
| a rise in pressure = | more gas in liquid |
| a drop in temperature = | rise in solubility |
| colder= | more gas in liquid |
| N2= | Not soluble 99.5% not |
| O2= | partly soluble |
| CO2= | 20x's more soluble than oxygen. |
Created by:
asprague
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