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Musculoskeletal
MEDSCI 142
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osteo= | bone |
| Function skeleton (6 things) | (1)support (2)Fat storage (3)protection (4)movement (5) ca&Phosphorus reserve (6)haemopoisis |
| Fn (1)support | -structural framework -tendons-attach muscle to bones |
| Fn (2)fat storage | -yellow bone marrow |
| Fn (6)haemopoisis | -red bone marrow -producing blood |
| Fn (4)Movement | -antagonistic muscles -joints provide leavers -amplified movement |
| Fn (5)Ca & phosphorous reserves | -storage & release |
| Fn (3) Protection | -hard -cranial (brain) -ribs (heart & lungs) -pelvic (ovaries) |
| Two main skeletal regions | (1)axial (2)appendicular |
| (1)axial | -ribcage, spine, cranium -support/protection -haemopoisis |
| (2)appendicular | -outer limbs -movement -storage |
| long bone [Epiphysis] | -end of bone -compression -no periosteum -thin outer cortex -trabeculae(beams& rods of support) -red bone marrow |
| long bone [Diaphysis) | -centre -bending forces -periosteum -perforating sharpey's fibres -yellow bone marrow |
| perforating sharpey's fibres | -long bone -diaphysis -connect periosteum to compact bone |
| Bone=specialised CT (made of) | -fibres -ground substance -cells |
| Fibres (bone CT) | -collagen -resists tension(pulling) -organic |
| Ground Substances (bone CT) | -Ca10(PO4)6OH2 -inorganic -compression & sqeezing |
| Cells (bone CT) | OSTEO -genic -blast -cyte -clast |
| Osteogenic | -from stem cells -normally dormant -surface of bone & canals |
| Osteoblast | -syn,deposition & mineralisation of osteoids -in layers under peri/endosteum |
| Oestoid | -organic(mainly collagen) -other=proteoglycans & proteins -calcified -strong & dense -no diffusion |
| Osteocyte | -mature bone -trapped in lacunae -communication through canaliculi -exchange nutrients & waste with blood |
| Osteoclast | -bone destroying -fusion WBC progenitor cells -secrete acid & enzymes -location:bone reabsorption |
| Order of bone cell development | osteogenic->osteoblast->osteocyte |
| calcification | -forms oestoids -bone salt(hydroxyapatite) -nutrients can't diffuse freely -hard & dense |
| Bone growth | -long bone grows in diameter -bone remodelling |
| Appositional growth | -periosteum=active -osteogenic->oesteoblasts=osteoids+osteocytes -osteoblast->osteogenic/die -osteoids=fully calcified |
| Bone reabsorption | -monocyte precursor from BV->osteoclast secret acids -osteoclast apoptosis (short life) -BVin new space |
| bone can't undergo _______ growth. WHY? | -interstitial -too rigid -only by adding to surface |
| appositional growth & remodeling often occur _______ of one-another =? | independently -=bone remodeling |
| long bone growing in length? | endochondral ossification |
| Mature bone | -lamellar -osteoblasts in layers=lamellae -collagen alternating 90* Win layer (Wstand F in all directions) |
| Spongy bone | -trabecular -5x turnover than compact -lighter -irregular lattice -outward growth -medullary cavity(bone marrow) -inside -epiphysis support compact W multiple directional force -calcunae radiate outwards -BV for norishment |
| Osteon formation in compact bone (2types) | (1)appositional growth of 1* osteon (2)osteoclast activitiy of 2* osteon |
| (1)appositional growth of osteon | -near surface -new bone formed -around existing BV -osteoblast put down new bone forming ridges around BV -concentric lamellae fill inwards -bone grows outwards |
| (2)osteoclast activity of 2* oesteon | -inside existing tissue -bone needs remodeling -'cutting core' through bone -osteoblast line tunnel -reduced to size of haversian canal |
| Compact bone function & location | -strong & dense -outer layer -thicker exposed to large forces -outershell -diaphysis |
| Compact bone growth & blood supply | -inwards of tunnel -BV in haversian & volkmann's canals |
| Spongy bone Function & location | -support outer cortex of compact -F in lots direction -rapid Ca & P turnover -epiphysis -inside |
| spongey bone growth & blood supply | -outwards -medullary cavity (bone marrow) -02 & nutrients in |
| Joints | -pt where bones interconnect -movement -force transition -growth |
| Synarthrosis | -immovable -V stable -axial |
| Amphiarthosis | -slightly movable -av. stability |
| Diarthrosis | -freely movable -low stability -appendicular |
| Simple synovial joint | -not restricted by properties of tissues holding ends of bones together -end of bones=free (except articulate cartilage -instability |
| Synovial joint [4 common features] | -articulate capsule -articulate cartilage -synovial fluid -joint cavity |
| synovial joint [articulate cartilage] | -specialised hyaline -thin layer at end of bones -absorb shock -support heavy loads -near frictionless surface |
| chondrocytes (CELLS) | -syn. joint -build, repair & maintain articulate cartilage -in lacunae -nests |
| Extracellular matrix of articular cartilage [syn. joint] | -H2O & sol. ions -Fibres -gylcosamino/proteoglycans |
| Fibre [articulate cartilage] | -EMC -collagen -'solid phase' fixed inside tissue -zonation patterns |
| water & soluble ions [articulate cartilage] | -ECM -'fluid phase'=move in/out of tissue |
| Gycosaminoglycans & proteglycans [articulate cartilage] | -ECM -'solid phase' -swelling & hydrating mech. |
| Glycosaminoglycan | -repeating disacch. unit -negative charge -many attached to protein core=proteoglycan |
| Proteoglycans | =many GAG attached to protein core -charges repel -bottle brush |
| PG complex | -PG attached to hyaluronic acid chain -join to collagen fibres |
| [loading cycle] -ve charges.. | -attract ions -incr.[ion] -osmotic flow -swelling of cartilage |
| [loading cycle] loaded equlibrium=? | -swelling F=tension F |
| [loading cycle] load introduced | -water & ions forced out -into joint space & syn. fluid |
| synovial joint [articulate capsule] | -sleeve on ends of bone -tight during extremes -perforated W nerves & vessels -ligaments reinforce |
| Fibrous layer [articulate cartilage] | -outer dense CT -interlacing collagen -cont. W periosteum -protections syn. mem. & joint -poorly blood -lots nerves |
| synovial membrane [articulate capsule] | -inner loss CT -intima(synoviocytes secret fluid) -subintima (lots BV,macrophages,fat,fibroblast= maintainence & protection) |
| synovial joint [Joint cavity] | -V small -btwn. articulating surfaces -mostly vili of syn. mem. in space |
| synovial joint [synovial fluid] | -lubrication -shock abs. -chondrocyte met. -joint maintenance -from vessels in subitima & synoviocytes |
| Muscle functions (6) | (1)convert ATP-->mech. E (2)movement-of gut,bones,heart (3)stability-joints,posture (4)communication-writing, reading etc (5)control openings & passages-sphincter,pupils (6)heat production-85% |
| Origin | -attachement moves least during contraction (axial) |
| insertion | -attachment moves most during contraction (appendicular) |
| osteotendinous junction | -OTJ -tendon & bone |
| myotendinous junction | -MTJ -muscle & tendon |
| Muscle belly | contractile part of muscle |
| Muscle | bundle of fasicles |
| epimysium | -dense irr. CT -surround entire muscle & peri |
| perimysium | -dense irr. CT -surround fasicles |
| Fasicles | bundles of myocytes |
| endomysium | -loose irr. CT -surrounding myocyte -nerves & caps W supply myocytes |
| Myocyte | -muscle fibre -bundle of myofibrils |
| sacroplasm | -area between myofibrils -glycogen & lipids |
| sacrolemma | -cell mem. -rapid AP conduction |
| myofibril | -many sacromeres |
| Sacromere | -A, H band -Z disk |
| A band | dArk |
| I band | lIght |
| Z-disk | closer during contraction |
| muscle & attachement to CT | -epi/peri/endmysium blend -connect W CT-attaching to bone or muscle |
| Deep fascia | -covers strutures of body -dense reg. CT -under skin & subcutaneous tissue |
| Compartments | -muscles: supplied by same nerve, similar function, grouped -walls of fascia |
| Hypertrophy | -incr muscle size (fibres) -myocyte incr, diameter -more myofibrils -stim. steriods or repeated contraction |
| anabolic steriods | -variants of testosterone -incr. protein syn. -bad side effects:acne,hairloss,infertility |
| Atrophy | -decr. monocyte size -muscle not used or been paralysed -normally reversed |
| Satellite cells | -lie beside muscle Win basement mem. -repair damage to myocyte |
| function of skeletal CT [continuos epi/peri/endomysium] | -organisation(muscle construction) -medium for BV&nerves(acess myocyte) -prevent XS stretch -distribute F |
| Desmin | -hold adj. sacromeres -align sacromeres=pull in unison |
| Dystrophin | -protein forms bridge btw. myocyte & CT -transmits F of contraction to endomysium |
| muscular dystrophy | -disease -protein dystrophin transcribed properly/missing -monocyte tears easily |
Created by:
meglet
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