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APHY 102 EX 2
Urinary\Immune\Cardiovascular Heart&Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Largest artery of the body | Aorta |
| Supplies the kidneys | Renal artery |
| Supplies the duodenum and the stomach | Common hepatic artery |
| Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine. | Inferior mesenteric artery |
| Supplies pelvic structures. | Internal iliac artery |
| Artery that does not anastomose. | Renal artery |
| Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery. | Brachiocephalic trunk |
| Supplies the lower limbs. | External iliac artery |
| Common site to take the pulse. | Radial artery |
| Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres. | Internal carotid artery |
| Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta. | Celiac trunk |
| Abdominal aorta splits to form two. | Common iliac artery |
| Receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall. | Superior vena cava |
| Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. | Pulmonary trunk |
| Drains the scalp. | External jugular vein |
| Runs through the armpit area. | Axillary artery |
| Drains the upper extremities, deep vein. | Subclavian vein |
| Artery usually palpated to take the blood pressure. | Brachial artery |
| Major artery of the thigh. | Femoral artery |
| Supplies the small intestine. | Superior mesenteric artery |
| Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. | Pulmonary vein |
| Longest vein in the body, superficial. | Great saphenous vein |
| Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest. | Arterioles |
| Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. | Capillaries |
| Site where blood pressure is lowest. | Large veins |
| Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest. | Large arteries |
| Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. | Capillaries |
| Site where the blood volume is greatest. | Large veins |
| Site where the blood pressure is greatest. | Large arteries |
| Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance. | Arterioles |
| The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation. | True |
| Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart. | False |
| Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane. | False |
| The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis. | True |
| The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima | False |
| The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries. | False |
| Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg. | True |
| A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries. | True |
| Thoroughfare channels connect a metarteriole to a venule. | False |
| Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction. | False |
| The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues. | True |
| The most common form of shock is hypovolemic shock. | True |
| Every minute, about 1.5 ml of fluid leaks out of the capillaries. | True |
| The pancreas is an example of an organ with arteries that do not anastomose. | False |
| An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart. | True |
| Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses. | True |
| An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance. | True |
| The first major branch of the femoral artery is the dorsalis pedis artery. | False |
| The azygos vein originates in the abdomen. | True |
| Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? A)cardiac output B)peripheral resistance C)emotional state D)blood volume | C)emotional state |
| Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure? A)ADH B)atrial natriuretic peptide C)angeiotensin II D)nitric acid | D)nitric acid |
| Which statement best describes arteries? A)All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. B)All carry blood away from the heart. C)All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. D)Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. | B)All carry blood away from the heart |
| Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? A)tunica intima B)tunica media C)tunica externa D)basement membrane | A)tunica intima |
| Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. | capillaries |
| The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ________. | hepatic portal circulation |
| The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. | muscular arteries |
| Aldosterone will ________. | promote an increase in blood pressure |
| The pulse pressure is ________. | systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure |
| Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? | rapidly falling blood pressure |
| Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? | Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. |
| Which of the following is true about veins? | Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs. |
| Venous anastomoses ________. | form more freely than arterial anastomoses |
| Peripheral resistance ________. | increases as blood viscosity increases |
| Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. | is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist |
| Blood flow to the skin ________. | increases when environmental temperature rises |
| Select the correct statement about the movement of materials at the capillary level. A)Oxygen diffuses up its concentration gradient. B)Chemical waste products follow the same general path as oxygen. C)Carbon dioxide moves from its production sit | C) Carbon dioxide moves from its production site into the interstitial fluid. |
| Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A)hypovolemic caused by increased blood volume B)cardiogenic which results from any defect in blood vessels C)vascular due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone D)cir | vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone |
| Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? | tunica media |
| The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. | significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius |
| The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. | shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea |
| In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________. | is the same as capillary blood pressure |
| The hepatic portal vein ________. | carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver |
| Which of the following has anastomosing vessels? retina,heart,kidney,spleen | heart |
| Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate? A)activity B)postural changes C)emotions D)the vessel selected to palpate | D)the vessel selected to palpate |
| Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation? A)superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle B)right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium C)left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava D)right atrium, | right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium |
| Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. | tunica intima |
| The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________. | arterioles |
| Fenestrated capillaries ________. | are not found in the brain |
| Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________. | sinusoids |
| Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. A)activity of skeletal muscles B)pressure changes in the thorax C)venous valves D)urinary output | urinary output |
| Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A)120/80 in a 30-year-old man B)140/90 in a 70-year-old woman C)170/96 in a 50-year-old man D)110/60 in a 20-year-old woman | 170/96 in a 50-year-old man |
| Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure ___________ | increase |
| Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. | the dural sinus reflex |
| The velocity of blood flow is ________. | slowest in the capillaries since the total cross-sectional area is the greatest |
| Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to _____________ | cardiac output |
| A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. | right side of the head and neck and right upper arm |
| Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. | intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms |
| A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in ________. | increased work of the left ventricle increased incidence of coronary artery disease increased damage to blood vessel endothelium increased size of the heart muscle |
| The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, do not primarily operate via ________. | altering blood volume |
| Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. | arteriosclerosis |
| Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? | lungs |
| The first major branch of the aortic arch is the ________ branch. | brachiocephalic trunk |
| The most common form of shock is ________. | hypovolemic |
| Released by the endothelium, a family of peptides called ________ are among the most potent vasoconstrictors known. | endothelins |
| A ________ capillary has many oval holes in it. | fenestrated |
| Arterial ________ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ. | anastomoses |
| The ________ in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure. | baroreceptors |
| The ________ artery is a blood vessel on the arm used as a pressure point. | brachial |
| ________ shock is due to abnormal expansion of blood vessels and a rapid drop in blood pressure. | Vascular |
| The third major branch of the aortic arch is the ________ artery. | left subclavian |
| The ________ supply the brain with blood. | internal carotid arteries |
| ________ pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. | Pulse |
| Blood flow equals the difference in blood pressure divided by ________. | peripheral resistance |
| The lowest venous blood pressure is found in the ________. | venae cavae |
| As a cuff is deflated on the arm, sounds of ________ can be heard. | Korotkoff |
| Which type of blood vessels contain valves and what is their function? | Veins contain valves to prevent blood from flowing backward. This is necessary because the venous vessels are a low-pressure system and the blood must sometimes flow against gravity, particularly in the limbs. |
| Describe the forces that determine fluid movements across capillary walls. | (1) Capillary hydrostatic pressure (equal to capillary blood pressure) tends to force fluid out of capillaries into the interstitial spaces. (2) Osmotic pressure, created by large nondiffusible particles in the blood, tends to draw water into the capillar |
| Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation. What is the mechanism of regulation? | Vasoconstriction is a reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel due to smooth muscle contraction. Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle relaxation. Both are regulated by vasomotor nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of |
| Consider the diameter of one 4-mm blood vessel and two 2-mm blood vessels. Would the two 2-mm vessels carry more, less, or the same amount of fluid, given that pressure is a constant? Why? | The two 2-mm vessels would deliver considerably less fluid for two reasons: (1) the resistance in the smaller vessels is much greater and (2) the volume of the 4-mm vessel is greater than that of two 2-mm vessels. Draw a 4-inch circle; then put two 2-inch |
| Based on what we have learned about the regulation of blood flow to various organs, do you think it is wiser to rest or exercise after a heavy meal? Explain your answer. | At rest, the abdominal organs receive approximately 24% of the total blood flow. With exercise, blood flow is shifted away from abdominal organs to skeletal muscles. It would therefore be wiser to rest after a heavy meal to allow optimum function of the o |
| The average thickness of an arteriole is six times that of the average venule, why? | The arteriole wall still contains some smooth muscle and some elastic fibers which tend to be quite thick at times. This is needed due to the higher pressure in arterioles. The venule, on the other hand, is more like a giant capillary with only occasiona |
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