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Test/OctChap 3 & 12
Test review from Chap 3 & 12 - Keeping the Republic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dual federalism | looks at the federal system as a sort of "layer cake," with each layer of government performing the tasks that make the most sense for that level |
| The initial framing and ratification of the Constitution reflected this theory | Dual Federalism |
| A theory that leaves each government supreme within its own sphere of operations | it is also sometimes called dual sovereignty |
| federalism | in which some powers are held by the national government and some by the states |
| voter mobilization | is when a voter can move to a voting area they like better |
| prospective voting | basing voting decisions on well-informed opinions and consideration of the future consequences of a given vote |
| position issues | issues on which the parties differ in their perspectives and proposed solutions |
| retrospective voting | basing voting decisions on reactions to past performance "rewind" |
| presidential primary | an election by which voters choose convention delegates committed to voting for a certain candidate |
| open primary | primary elections in which eligible voters do not need to be registered party members |
| closed primary | primary elections in which only registered party members may vote |
| invisible primary | early attempts to raise money, line up campaign consultants, generate media attention, and get commitments for support even before candidates announce they are running |
| party caucus | local gathering of party members to choose convention delegates |
| front-loading | the process of scheduling presidential primaries early in the primary season |
| front-runner | the leading candidate and expected winner of a nomination or an election |
| Electoral College | one vote for each Federal representative and senator |
| swing voters | the approximately one-third of the electorate who are undecided at the start of a campaign |
| ?voter mobilization | a party’s efforts to inform potential voters about issues and candidates and persuade them to vote |
| oppo research | investigation of an opponent’s background for the purpose of exploiting weaknesses or undermining credibility |
| negative advertising | campaign advertising that emphasizes the negative characteristics of opponents rather than one’s own strengths |
| valence issues | issues on which most voters and candidates share the same position |
| wedge issues | a controversial issue that one party uses to split the voters in the other party |
| retrospective voting | basing voting decisions on reactions to past performance; approving the status quo or signaling a desire for change |
| issue ownership | the tendency of one party to be seen as more competent in a specific policy area |
| issue advocacy ads | advertisements that support issues or candidates without telling constituents how to vote |
| government matching funds | given to candidates of the major parties and to candidates of the minor parties who performed well in the previous election |
| hard money | donations collected by the funds donated directly to candidates; amounts are limited by federal election laws |
| soft money | collected by parties and interest groups |
| issue advocacy ads | finance legislation in 2002, but loopholes have allowed it to flourish in a different form |
| an electoral mandate | the newly elected president pressure Congress into enacting his preferred policie |
| unitary system | government in which all power is centralized |
| confederal system | governments in which local units hold all the power |
| electorial mandate | the perception that an election victory signals broad support for the winner’s proposed policies |
| federal system | in which some powers are held by the national government and some by the states |
| concurrent powers | powers are held by both |
| dual federalism | that considered the powers of the two levels to be separate and distinct |
| cooperative federalism | the federal system under which the national and state governments share responsibilities |
| devolution | the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states |
| enumerated powers of Congress | gives a decisive amount of power to the national government |
| necessary clause proper clause | constitutional authorization for Congress to make any law required to carry out its powers |
| supremacy clause | constitutional declaration (Article VI) that the Constitution and laws made under its provisions are the supreme law of the land |
| judicial power | the power to interpret laws and judge whether a law has been broken |
| legislature | the body of government that makes laws |
| enumerated powers of Congress | congressional powers specifically named in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8) |
| concurrent power | powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments |
| devolution | shifting power from the national level to the states |
| electoral college | an intermediary body that elects the president |
| executive | the branch of government responsible for putting laws into effect |
| separation of powers | the institutional arrangement that assigns judicial, executive, and legislative powers to different persons or groups, thereby limiting the powers of each |
| McCulloch v Maryland | |
| Gibbons v Ogden | commerce |
| nullification | declaration by a state that a federal law is void within its borders |
| national supremacy | in economics with the New Deal; |
| Congress can use authority and money to encourage state cooperation in four ways | it can exercise no influence, issue categorical grants, block grants, or unfunded mandates |
| unfunded mandates | giving states no money but expecting compliance with national laws |
| exercise no influence | letting states have their way |
| categorical grants | giving states money for following specific instructions |
| block grants | giving states money in exchange for following broad mandates - using $it$ the way they want |
| government matching funds | money given by the federal government to qualified presidential candidates in the primary and general election campaigns |
| checks and balances | the principle that allows each branch of government to exercise some form of control over the others |
| unicameral legislature | a legislature with one chamber |
| What has been associated with the civil rights movement | establishment of national supremacy in economics with the New Deal; and the new national responsibilities for protecting citizens’ rights |
| Texas produced how many constitutions | six constitutions since the 1836 Constitution of the Republic |
| The sixth and final constitution was ratified | in 1876 and has grown to be much more of a political instrument that the United States Constitution |
| As of 2007, the state’s constitution has been amended | 456 times |
| The current constitution was born out of Texans’ reaction to | the abuses of power and the CENTRALIZATION of government during the Reconstruction years of 1869-1874 |
| that the framers wished to decentralize government and ensure that the institutions of government and their elected officials | would be hindered in any attempts at abusing their powers |
| Popular sovereignty is demonstrated through the use | of frequent popular elections in Texas |
| The nature of state government in Texas can be best described | as a weak legislative dominating an even a weaker executive |
| This is rooted in Texans’ belief of | distrust of government and belief in individual freedom |
| Texans have lived under what rule | Spanish rule and Mexican rule, each with their own influences on constitutional development |
| Texas was an independent sovereign republic for nearly a decade | its own country |
| for a few years under the flag of | the Confederacy during the Civil War |
| the relationship between the state government and local governments in Texas is closer to | the same unitary-style structure highly criticized during the Reconstruction years |
| the Texas Constitution grants | limited powers and limited authority to cities and counties |
| Critics argue that the current constitution | is cumbersome and does not fully meet the needs of citizens as the state’s issues become more contemporary and complex |
| Poll tax | This tax itself was a disincentive designed to keep people away from the polls on Election Day |
| What tax had to be paid months in advance to vote | Poll tax, and many people were unaware that it had to be paid months in advance and were disqualified |
| There were longstanding barriers such as | “all-white primaries,” the poll tax, and economic harrassment that made the election process in Texas less democratic |
| Texas was what party until 1950 | Democrate until 1950 now it is mostly Republician |
| Who holds the majority of seats in the Texas Legislature | Republician party holds the majority of seats in the Texas Legislature and among the state’s congressional delegation |
| voter turnout has also been | historically low |
| Fund-raising and the role of money in legislative and statewide elections have grown | significantly |
| momentum | the widely held public perception that a candidate is gaining electoral strength |
| motor voter bill | legislation allowing citizens to register to vote at the same time as a driver’s license |
| amendability | the provision for the Constitution to be changed, so as to adapt to new circumstances |
| From archeological evidence, we find that constitutions have existed since? | 2300 B.C |
| which nations has not had an oral constitution | Canada, Austria, New Zeland |
| in what year was the current Texas State Constitution adopted? | 1876 |
| the common form of constitution is? | Codified |
| In texas, the executive branch is divided among a number of independently elected officers, which is referred to as a ___________ provision? | Plural executive |
| In 1999, there was a _______ attempt to revise the constitution | Bi-partisan |
| in 1974, there was a _________ assembled, following overwhelming approval to do so by the voter in the 1972 general election | constitutional convention |
| The Texas State Constitution is viewed as much _________ than the United States Constitution. | More rigid |
| A _______________ is a direct vote of the electorate to approve a measure such as a new constitution or an amendment to an existing one. | referendum |
| compared to turnout in other states turnout among Texas voters is | Much lower |
| Today, the political parties in Texas choose candidates for the general election through what? | primaries |
| Women in Texas won the right to vote in all elections in the? (what year) | 1920s |
| The practice of having citizens elect as many oficials as possible is known as? | the long ballot |
| a tax on individual citizens that must be paid before they vote is known as a ________ tax | a poll tax |
| Texans may contribute no more than _____ to a candidate for Texas governor. | there is no set amount |
| a run off election is needed when | no candidate gets a majority |
| the doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the people and that those chosen to govern, as trustees of such power, must exercise it in conformity with the general will - what the people want | Popular sovereignty |
| From archeological evidence, we find that constitutions have existed since | 2300 B.C |
| which nations has not had an oral constitution | Canada, Austria, New Zeland |
| in what year was the current Texas State Constitution adopted? | 1876 |
| the common form of constitution is? | Codified |
| In texas, the executive branch is divided among a number of independently elected officers, which is referred to as a ___________ provision? | Plural executive |
| In 1999, there was a _______ attempt to revise the constitution | Bi-partisan |
| in 1974, there was a _________ assembled, following overwhelming approval to do so by the voter in the 1972 general election | constitutional convention |
| The Texas State Constitution is viewed as much _________ than the United States Constitution. | More rigid |
| A _______________ is a direct vote of the electorate to approve a measure such as a new constitution or an amendment to an existing one | referendum |
| compared to turnout in other states turnout among Texas voters is | Much lower |
| Today, the political parties in Texas choose candidates for the general election through what? | primaries |
| Women in Texas won the right to vote in all elections in the? (what year) | 1920s |
| The practice of having citizens elect as many oficials as possible is known as? | the long ballot |
| a tax on individual citizens that must be paid before they vote is known as a ________ tax | a poll tax |
| Texans may contribute no more than _____ to a candidate for Texas governor | there is no set amount |
| a run off election is needed when | no candidate gets a majority |
| the doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the people and that those chosen to govern must exercise what the people want | Popular sovereignty |
| refers to the relationship between the states. | Horizontal federalism |
| Manifest Destiny | the belief that U.S. expansion across the North American continent was inevitable.could not be changed |
| statutes or constitutional amendments on a ballot. | Initiative |
| the constitutional requirement that states may not fundamentally treat citizens of other states differently than their own citizens. | Privilegesandimmunities |
| the specification in the Tenth Amendment that all powers not delegated to the national government belong to the states. | Reservied Powers |
| the distribution of power between the national and state governments. | Vertical federalism |
| What are three concurrent power in the constitution | 1. establishing highways 2. collecting taxes 3. taking private property for public purposes |
| state and local governments get no money for national governments for them | unfunded mandates |
| What are three examples of powers reserved to the states by the constitution | regulating intrastate, commerce, conducting elections, voter qualications,and ratifying amendments to the US Constitution |
| What is example that is NOT powers reserved to the states | conducting foreign affairs |
| Texas is an example of a/an government in relationship with cities and county governments | unitary government - a centralized government |
| Which Texas constitution established centraliaed government and a great deal of power for the governor? | Second Reconstruction Constitution of 1869 |
| fundamental goal of the 1876 Texas Constitution was to weaken and _______ the government and institutions | decentralize - taking away power of the government |
| During the Repubic years, Texas government was more unitary rather than federal in nature. | True |
| What is not the differnce between the Texas Constitution and theMassachusetts Constitution of 1780? | Massachusetts is not longer than the Texas constitution |
| The owverwhelming majority of Texas amendments are approvedby voter with woverwhelmng trun out | Flase - Texas has very low voting turn out |
| The Texas Constition is criticized for________? | Containing too many specific policy restrictions |
| What is the most prominent feature of the current Texas Constition? | A sense of distrust in government |
| Plpular sovereignty (protection of the people) is included how in the Texas Constitution-3 ways? | 1.It starts with We the People. 3. includes elected legislature, elected executives, and judiciary. 3. voters must approve constitutional amemdments/ |
| When Texas was annexed (included) by the United States, Texas retained the right to secede (ask about this one) | False |
| Texas Constitution of 1876 reflects a deep distrust of the government | True |
| Current Texas Constition tends to focus on rural interests. | False |
| According to the US Constition, state law supersedes (more important) than federal law. | Flase |
| a primary for which voters do not register party affiliations and receive ballot papers containing the names of all candidates from all political parties running for office | Blanket or wide-open primary |
| solving problems for constituents. | casework |
| the advantage derived from incumbents’ ability to point out positive outcomes for which they are responsible. | Credit claiming |
| a system that allows a candidate to run simultaneously as a Democratic and a Republican candidate, essentially competing in both parties’ primaries. | Cross filing |
| an election in which the winning candidate directly receives the party nomination. | Direct Primary |
| the reporting of who contributes money and how much is contributed by an individual or corporation. | Disclosure |
| this clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution requires that state laws and state constitutions treat all citizens the same. | Equal Protection Claus |
| the interparty election in which candidates from two or more political parties compete for actual political office. | General Election |
| the granting of voting rights only to those citizens whose grandfathers had the right to vote; used to bar African Americans from voting in the South after the end of Reconstruction. | Grandfather clause |
| federal statute enacted after the 2000 presidential election to effectively standardize election procedures. | Help America Vote Act (HAVA) |
| the candidate already holding office. | Incumbent |
| a candidate running for office without a political party affiliation. | Independent Candidate |
| primary in which voters elect delegates to a party convention; delegates are pledged to support a specific candidate seeking the party nomination. | Indirect primary |
| a test of a prospective voter’s ability to read and understand aspects of American government; used to bar African Americans from voting in many parts of the post-Reconstruction South, but not widely used in Texas. | Literacy Test |
| when voters select candidates by their party affiliation. | Party line or straight ticket voting |
| an incumbent’s advantage in having an existing record of positions on issues from previous elections and in the context of decisions made while in office. | Position Taking |
| primary in which voters indicate their choice to hold office, but the actual selection is left to the political party elites. | Preference Primary |
| occurs when citizens, interest groups, labor unions, and corporations make donations to candidates and political parties to cover the cost of an election. | Private financing |
| a system of campaign financing in which the government covers the cost of elections for political parties and candidates. | Public financing |
| occurs when a voter marks off only the “more important” offices on a lengthy ballot—usually the national or statewide offices—and leaves the county or local office choices blank. | Roll Off |
| elections for offices below the national executive level in countries with presidential systems like the United States or the national legislature level in parliamentary | Second order elections |
| the legal right to vote. | Suffrage |
| the number of people casting ballots in a given election | Voter turnout |
| a federal statute that eliminated literacy tests as a qualification to vote, greatly increasing African Americans’ access to the ballot box. | Voting Rights Act of 1965 VRA |
| the attempt by the Democratic Party in Texas to limit the voting in party primaries only to party members. | White Primary |
| Texas uses what type of primary? | semi-closed |
| themaintenance of voter registration is the responsibility of | county government |
| Democratic Party before the two party election in Texas frequently ran unopposed (no one run against them) in general election | True |
| The Texas Ethics Commission is responsible for what? | collecting campaign contribution information and making it public |
| Campaign contribution limits in Texas judicial elections are determined by | the size of the judical district |
| What is it called when the voter votes on a candidate simply by party affiliation or record | party line or straight ticket voting |
| All state and local elections in Texas are privately financed | True |
| Asian,Hispanic, and college-age voters have a high voter turnout? | False |
| ____ voting in Texas is more expensive than other forms. | Electronic Votin |
| Can to much democracy be a bad thing? | True |
| Second order | ” elections are election in which offices below the national chief executive (president) are elected. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | 1. NY does not have power to create steamboat monopoly on Hudson river. 2. * commerce clause a. Very broadly- congress could regulate businesses |
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