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Ch9 All the Rest
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anuria | complete suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion. |
| azotemia | Accumulation of nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream. Occurs when the kidney fails to filter these wastes from the blood. |
| calculus | Stone formed within an organ by an accumulation of mineral salts. Found in the kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Plural is calculi. |
| catheter | Flexible tube inserted into the body for the purpose of moving fluids into or out of the body. Most commonly used to refer to a tube threaded through the urethra into the bladder to withdraw urine. |
| diuresis | Increased formation and secretion of urine. |
| enuresis | Involuntary discharge of urine after the age by which bladder control should’ve been established (usually by age 5). Nocturnal enuresis refers to bed-wetting at night. |
| frequency | Greater-than-normal occurrence in the urge to urinate, without an increase in the total daily volume of urine. Frequency is an indication of inflammation of the bladder or urethra. |
| hesitancy | Decrease in the force of the urine stream, often with difficulty initiating the flow. It’s often a symptom of a blockage along the urethra, such as an enlarged prostrate gland. |
| micturition | Another term for urination. |
| nephrology | Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the kidney. Physician is nephrologist. |
| renal colic | Pain caused by a kidney stone. Can be excruciating and generally requires medical treatment. |
| stricture | Narrowing of a passageway in the urinary system. |
| uremia | accumulation of waste products (especially nitrogenous) in the bloodstream. Associated with renal failure. |
| urgency | Feeling the need to urinate immediately. |
| urinary incontinence | Involuntary release of urine. In some patients indwelling catheter is inserted into the bladder for continuous urine drainage. |
| urinary retention | inability to fully empty the bladder. Often indicates a blockage in the urethra. |
| urology | Branch of medicine involved in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the urinary system (and male reproductive system). Physician is a urologist. |
| voiding | urination. |
| acute tubular necrosis | Damage to the renal tubules due to the presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia. Results in oliguria. |
| diabetic nephropathy | Accumulation of damage to the glomerulus capillaries due to the chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus. |
| Glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney (primarily of the glomerulus). Since the glomerular membrane is inflamed. It becomes more permeable and will allow protein and blood cells to enter the filtrate. Results in protein in the urine (proteinuria) and hematuria. |
| Hydronephrosis | Distention of the renal pelvis due to urine collecting in the kidney; often a result of the obstruction of a ureter. |
| Nephrolithiasis | Presence of calculi in the kidney. Usually begins with the solidification of salts present in the urine. |
| Nephritic syndrome (NS) | Damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in the urine, proteinuria, and the corresponding decrease in protein in the bloodstream. |
| Nephroptosis | Downward displacement of the kidney out of its normal location; commonly called a floating kidney. |
| Polycystic kidneys | Formulation of multiple cysts within the kidney tissue. Results in the destruction of normal kidney tissue and uremia. |
| Pyelonephritis | Inflammation of renal pelvis & kidney.Common type of kidney disease.May result from a lower urinary tract infection that moved to the kidney via the ureters.There may be large quantities of white blood cells & bacteria in the urine.Can occur w/cystitis. |
| Renal cell carcinoma | cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells. |
| Renal failure | Inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood resulting in uremia. May be acute or chronic. Major reason for a patient being placed on dialysis. |
| Wilm’s tumor | Malignant kidney tumor found most often in children. |
| Bladder cancer | Cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria. |
| Bladder neck obstruction | Blockage of the bladder outlet. Often caused by an enlarged prostate gland in males. |
| Cystocele | Hernia or protrusion of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina. |
| Interstitial cystitis | Disease of unknown cause in which there is inflammation and irritation of the bladder. Most commonly seen in middle aged women |
| Neurogenic bladder | loss of nervous control that leads to retention; may be caused by spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. |
| Urinary tract infection | Infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system., Most often begins with cystitis and may ascend into the ureters and kidneys. Most common in women because of their shorter urethra. |
| Blood urea nitrogen | Blood test to measure kidney function by the level of nitrogenous waste (urea) that is in the blood. |
| Clean catch specimen | Urine sample obtained after cleaning off the urinary opening and catching or collecting a urine sample in midstream (halfway through urination process) to minimize contamination from the genitalia. |
| Creatinine clearance | Test of kidney function.Creatinine is a waste product cleared from the bloodstream by the kidneys.For this test, urine is collected for 24 hrs, & the amount of creatinine in the urine is compared to the amount of creatinine that remains in the bloodstream |
| Urinalysis | Laboratory test that consists of the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of the urine. |
| Urine culture and sensitivity(C&S) | Laboratory test of the urine for bacterial infection. Attempt to grow bacteria on a culture medium in order to identify it and determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to. |
| Cystography | Process of instilling a contrast material or dye into the bladder by catheter to visualize the urinary bladder on x-ray. |
| Excretory urography(EU) | Injecting dye into the bloodstream and then taking an x-ray to trace the action of the kidney as it excretes the dye. |
| Intravenous pyelogram(IVP) | Injecting a contrast material into a vein and then taking an x-ray to visualize the renal pelvis. |
| Kidneys, ureters, bladder(KUB) | X-ray taken of the abdomen demonstrating that kidneys, ureters, and bladder without using any contrast dye. Also called a flat-plate abdomen. |
| Retrograde pyelogram(RP) | Diagnostic X-ray in which dye is inserted through the urethra to outline the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. |
| Voiding cystourethrography | X-ray taken to visualize the urethra while the patient is voiding after a contrast dye has been placed in the bladder. |
| Cystoscopy(cysto) | Visual examination of the urinary bladder using an instrument called a cystoscope. |
| Catheterization | Insertion of a tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for the purpose of withdrawing urine or inserting dye. |
| Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) | Use of ultrasound waves to break up stones. Process does not require invasive surgery |
| Hemodialysis(HD) | Use of an artificial kidney machine that filters blood of a person to remove waste products. Use of this technique in patients who have defective kidneys is lifesaving. |
| Peritoneal dialysis | Removal of toxic waste substances from the body by placing warm chemically balanced solutions into the peritoneal cavity. Wastes are filtered out of the blood across the peritoneum. Used in treating renal failure and certain poisonings. |
| Lithotripsy | Destroying or crushing stones in the bladder or urethra. |
| Meatotomy | Incision into the meatus in order to enlarge the opening of the urethra. |
| Nephrolithotomy | Surgical incision to directly remove stones from the kidney. |
| Renal transplant | Surgical placement of a donor kidney. |
| Antibiotic | Used to treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract. |
| Antispasmodic | Medication to prevent or reduce bladder muscle spasms. |
| AGN | acute glomerulonephritis |
| ARF | acute renal failure |
| ATN | acute tubular necrosis |
| BNO | bladder neck obstruction |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| CAPD | continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis |
| Cath | catheterization |
| CC | clean catch urine specimen |
| CI | chloride |
| CRF | chronic renal failure |
| C&S | culture and sensitivity |
| Cysto | cystoscopy |
| ESRD | end-stage renal disease |
| ESWL | extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy |
| EU | excretory urography |
| GU | genitourinary |
| HCO3 | bicarbonate |
| HD | hemodialysis |
| H2O | water |
| I&O | intake and output |
| IPD | intermittent peritoneal dialysis |
| IVP | intravenous pyelogram |
| K+ | potassium |
| KUB | kidney, ureter, bladder |
| mL | milliliter |
| Na+ | sodium |
| NS | nephritic syndrome |
| pH | acidity or alkalinity of urine |
| RP | retrograde pyelogram |
| SG, sp. gr. | specific gravity |
| U/A, UA | urinalysis |
| UC | urine culture |
| UTI | urinary tract infection |
| VCUG | voiding cystourethrography |
Created by:
AltheaMathews
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