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quiz 2 practice
chapter 2 and cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 96% of the human body is made up of these 4 elements | Oxygen,nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen |
| thes subatomical particles carry a positive charge | Protons |
| Define the Octet rule? | can carry up to 8 electrons in the outer shell |
| describe an ionic bond | transfer of electrons from one to another |
| covalent bond | sharing of a pair of electrons |
| what is metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions |
| what are the two types of meatbolism | anabolism and catabolism |
| anabolism | builds up molecules |
| catabolism | breaks down molecules |
| what two componds do all cells in the body require in order to survive? | glucose and oxygen |
| what compond do all cells release | carbon dioxide |
| what are the 3 primary cations in the body? | Na+, K+, CA2+ |
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space |
| how many elements? | 26 of the cannot be broken down |
| 15 trace elements are how much percent in the body | 2 percent |
| 2 or more elements are a? | compond |
| inside the nucleus are? | protons and neutrons |
| Atomic number is the | # of protons |
| Isotopes | contain same # of protons but different # of neutrons |
| Radioactive isotopes | an unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear break down and emits nuclear particles and raiation. |
| atoms do what when they have less than 8 electons? | they bond, chemical reactions |
| chemical bond | ionic bonds giving covalend bonds, sharing in same orbit |
| Na+ cation and Na- cation make? | ionic bonds |
| hydrogen bonds | are weak bond can break apart because not that many electrons |
| polar | positive and negative pull |
| catabolism | break down of molecules; gives out ATP |
| anabolism | builds molecules up i.e.. bone fracture, consumes energy, steriods |
| water | has polarity;ionizes substances;transportation of of materials; maintain temp; when you have a fever you lose fuild |
| pH | per hydrogen atom; measures H+ concentration |
| lots of H+ is | more acidic |
| 1 on a pH scale is? | highly acidic |
| 14 on a pH scale is? | highly basic/alkaline |
| blood is what pH | 7.35 - 7.45 |
| are blood is slightly what? | alkaline |
| when you trow up u | are losing acidic |
| when you have the runs you are | losing base |
| acid | any substance release hydrogen atoms into a acids- they are proton donars |
| base | they are a proton acceptor |
| liquid carbon dioxide in the body | is fluid except in the lungs |
| buffer | is a compond solution that will maintain a stable pH |
| 4 major molecules in the body | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acides |
| carbohydrates | glucose, sugars |
| lipids | fat |
| proteins | enzymes are proteins |
| nucleic acids | dna and rna |
| enzymes | canaboic/anabolic reactions in the body |
| ASE | is an enzyme |
| phospholipids are | water loving they are hydrophilic |
| lipids | are hydrohobic they fear water |
| immunoglobulin | antibody |
| energy in the body is | ATP manin molecule that gives us engergy |
| compound | atoms of two or more elements joined to form chemical combinations |
| atoms contain | protons, nuetrons, electons |
| atomic number identifies the | kind of element |
| atomic weight is | mass of a single atom, equal # of protons plus the # of neutrons. |
| total # of electons in an atom equals | total # of protns in the nucelus |
| electons from a | electron cloud around the nucleus |
| 2 electons occupy the | inner level |
| bohr model | a model resembling planets revolving around the sun; useful in visualizing the structure of an atom |
| an atom without a full outermost energy level is? | chemically active |
| an atom with 8 electrons or four pairs in the outer most energy level is | chemically inert |
| number and arragement of electrons determine | whether an atoms is chemically stable |
| attractions between atoms are | chemical bond |
| chemical reactions | interactions between two or more in their outer most energy levels |
| compound | consists of molecules formed by atoms of two or more elements |
| chemical bonds | two types unite atoms into molecules; ionic/ecectrovalent, bond; formed by transger of electrons; strong electrostatic force that binds positively and geatively charges ions together |
| hyrdogen bond | weaker than ionic or covalent bonds; results from unequal charge distribution on molecules |
| hydrogen bonds | form when electrons are unequally sharded; example is a water molecule |
| polar molecues have | regoins with partial electrial charges resulting from unqueal sharing of electons in the atoms. |
| hydrolysis is a common | catabolic reaction |
| end products of catabolism are | carbon dioxide, water , and other waste products |
| more than half the engery released is transferred to? | ATP |
| chemical reaction responsible for anabolism is | dehydration synthesis |
| water is | the body's most abundant and important compond |
| polarity | allows water to act as an effective solvent, ionizes substance in soulution |
| the solvent allows | transoportation of essential materials throughout the body |
| high specific heat makes water | lose and gain large amounts of heat with little change in its own temperature;enables the body to maintain a realtively contant tmeperature |
| high heat of vaporization | water requires the absorption of significant amounts of heat to change it from liquid to a gas; allows body to dispate heat. |
| oxygen and carbond dioxide | closely related to cellular respiration |
| oxygen | required to complete decomposition reactions necessary for the release of energy in the body |
| carbon dioxide | produced as a waste product and helps maintain the appropriate acid-base balance in the body |
| electrolytes | large group of inorganic compounds that includes acids, and bases ,and salts |
| cations are | + charge |
| anions | are - charge |
| bases | electrolytes that sissociate to yield hydroxide ions OH or other elctrolytes that combine with H+ |
| pH | indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a soulution |
| pH 7 | is neutrally equal amounts of H and OH |
| Buffers | minimize changes in the conventrations of H and OH; act as reservoir for hydrogen ions |
| salts | compund that result from chemical interactions of an acid and a base |
| reactions between an acid and a base to form a salt and water is a called | nuetralization reaction |
| organic | describes compounds that contain C-C or C-H bonds |
| types of acids | nitric acid hydrochloric acid, gastic fluid, lemon juice, vinegar, wine, oragne juice, coffee, milk |
| type of neutral is | blood, distilled water |
| type of base is | egg white, baking soda, milk of magnesia, oven cleaner, lye, caustic soda, sodium hydroide, and drain opener |
| carbohydrates | organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; commonly called sugars and starches |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars with short carbon chains |
| disaccharides and polysaccharides | two or more simple sugars bonded together through a synthessi are reaction |
| lipids major roles | enrgy source, structural role, integral parts of cell membranes |
| triglycerides or fats | most abundant lipids and most conventrated source of energy |
| building blocks of trigycerides are | glycerol and fatty acids |
| types of fatty acids | saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids |
| triglycerides are formed by | dehydration synthesis |
| organic molecules | lipids |
| phospholipids | fat compounds similar to triglyceride; one end of it is watersouluble the other end is fat souluble |
| phospholipids can join | 2 different chemical enciroments |
| phospholipids may form double layers caleed | bilayers that make up cell membranes |
| steroids | main component is steroid nucleus;involved in man structural and fuctional roles |
| prostaglandin | commonly called tissue hormones;produced by cell membranes thorughout the body |
| proteins | most abundant organic compounds;chainlike polymers |
| amino acids are building blocks for? | protiens |
| 8 esential amino acids cannont be produced | by the human body |
| nonessential amino acids | 12 amino acids that can be produced from molecules available in the human body, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atomm and a side chain |
| immunoglobulin (antibody) | plasma protein produced by certain white blood cells to combat abnormal or unwanted particles in the body. |
| collagen | reinforces, connects tissues of the body |
| troponin | triggers contractions of muscle fibers |
| chymotrypsin | pancreatic enzyme thtat digest proteins in the digestice tract |
| dna polymerase | enzyme in cells that allows the assembly of DNA strands |
| RNA( ribonucleic acid) | composed of the pentose sugar(ribose), phosphate group, and nitrogen base |
| nitrogenous base for RNA | adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytosine |
| some rna molecules are tomporary copies of | segments of dna code and are involved in sythesizing proteins |
| some rna molecules are | regulatory and act as enzymes or silence gene expression |
| ATP | often called energy currency of cells |
| if ATP is depleted furing prolonged exercise | creatine phosphate or ADP can be used for enegry |
| T or F compounds can be broken down or decomposed into the elements | T, water is a compond and it can be broken down into oxygen and hydrogen atoms/elements |
| Each ring represents what? | energy levels |
| radioisotope is | during breakdown, radioactive isotopes emit nuclear particles and radiation - a process called decay. |
| what are the two types of chemical bonds? | ionic/electrovalent and covalent bonds |
| ions can be what? | positively or negatively charged ant that ion with opposite charges are attracted to each other |
| an ionic bond is? | simply the strong electrostatic force that binds the positively and negatively charged ions together |
| covalent bonds that bind atoms together by sharing two pairs of electrons are called? | double covalent bonds |
| ionic and covalent bonds form what? | new molecules and hydrogen bonds do not |
| polar | regions with different partial charges |
| 3 basic types of chemical reactions are | synthesis, decomposition, and exchange |
| synthesis is | the formation of new bonds, and energy is required for the reaction to occur and the new product to form. A+B = AB |
| decomposition | the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substances. AB = A+B+energy |
| exchange | permits two different reactants to exchange componets and, as a result, form two new molecules AB+CD= AD+CB |
| functional groups are often used to? | describe certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecules |
| cytoplasm | is the fluid in the cell |
| stomach is acidic or base? | acidic |
| acid is | any substance that will release a hydrogen ion when in a solution. |
| electrolytes | are substances that break up, or dissociate, in soulution to form a charged particles, or ions. |
| pH stands for | power of hydrogen |
| as the concentration of hyrogen ions increase, the pH goes? | down |
| buffers | minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in our body fulids |
| neutralization reaction | the reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water |
| any compound that results from the chemical interactions of an acid and a base is | a salt |
| organic | is used to describe the enormous number of compounds that contain carbon |
| carbohydrates are divided into three types or classes what are they? | monosaccharides,disaccharies, polysaccharides |
| glucose stores? | energy |
| ribose | important in expression of hereditary info |
| triglycerides | store energy |
| phospholipids | make up cell membrane |
| steroids | make up cell membranes hormone synthesis |
Created by:
antvill21
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