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Arterial System
anatomy and function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The innominate artery is a branch of the? | Aortic Arch |
| When the external iliac artery passes underneath this structure, it becomes the common femoral artery | Inguinal Ligament |
| This artery passes forward above the interosseious membrane and distally comes to lie on the front of the tibia? | Anterior Tibial Artery |
| Tunica intima refers to what arterial wall? | The Inner Layer |
| The three branches of the aortic arch are? | Right Innominate,Left Common Carotid,Left Subclavian |
| Which lower extremity arteries are palpable? | Popliteal, Femoral, Posterior Tibial, Anterior Tibial |
| According to Bernoulli what is true about pressure/velocity relationship? | Pressure is lower at the region of stenosis,velocity and pressure are inversely related |
| What are some causes of vasodilatation of a high resistance bed? | Body heating, exercise, stenosis |
| A 75% area reduction equates to a | 50% diameter reduction |
| What are some characteristics of a post-stenotic turbulence? | Bi-directional flow, spectral broadening is present,energy heat loss |
| Excercise induces peripheral vasodilatation in the microcirculation which: | decreases the distal peripheral resistance |
| What are some characteristics of claudication? | Pain in muscle during exercise,pain usually subsides after rest |
| What readings do you expect with analog recordings? | Low velocities are overestimated, less sensitive than spectral analysis, noisy |
| What will analog recordings NOT do? | Display amplitude of all frequencies |
| Utilizing Duplex Scanning, the criteria for determination of a 50-99% diameter reduction of the femoral artery is? | Ratio of stenotic to pre-stenoic PSV(peak systolic velocity) is greater than 2:1 |
| A high resistance blood flow pattern is normally found in what arteries? | ECA, Ao, Iliac, Subclavian, Fast SMA, extremity arteries |
| Primary Raynaud's occurs when? | Ischemia is due to distal arterial spasm |
| The most important differential diagnostic parameter for pseudoaneurysm is? | Communication tract between artery and aneurysm |
| A patient presenting with ischemic rest pain complains of? | Foot pain when supine, relieved by standing |
| Waveforms as the result of Raynaud's phenomena have this "unique" characteristic: | Peaked |
| The most common site of stenosis or occlusion of the hemodialysis access graft is? | Outflow Vein |
| The Adson maneuver is performed for the assessment of? | Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
| What are some common complications of arteriography? | Puncture site hematoma, Pseudo-aneurysm, Local artery occlusion |
| Ballon angioplasty is more commonly used in what lower extremity arties? | Femoral Artery, Popliteal Artery, Iliac Artery |
| An ABI of .65 places the patient into the category of? | Claudication |
| The Allen Test is most often utilized to assess patency of what vessels? | Radial artery, Ulnar artery, Palmer Arch |
| Vasculogenic impotence can be caused by the blockage of what arteries? | Abdominal, Common Iliac, Internal Iliac |
| What are characteristcs of an abnormal plethysmorgraphic waveform? | Slow upstroke, rounded peak, prolonged downslope, no dicrotic notch |
| The toe pressure should be what % of the ankle pressure: | 60 to 80% |
| What is one difference between a CW Doppler and a PW Doppler? | CW Doppler cannot sample flow at a discrete point |
| Differentiate the cervical carotid ICA from the ECA. | ICA has no branches in the neck,ICA has a bulbous area at its origin, usually larger than ECA,usually lateral to midline, ICA has low resistance waveform w/more diastolic flow |
| The ICA distributes blood to what arteries? | Brain, Eyes, Nose |
| The ECA branches into what arteries? | ascending pharyngeal,facial,occipital |
| The verterbral arteries arise from which vessels? | Subclavian |
| The circle of Willis is composed of what arteries? | Verterbral, Basilar, terminal branches of ICA,Anterior Cerebral Artery, Middle Cerebral Artery, Posterior Cerebral Artery,Anterior and Posterior Communicating Arteries, |
| The major branches of the ophthalmic artery that exit the orbit are? | Supraorbital, Frontal, Nasal |
| Bernoulli's principle explains which phenomenon of the carotid bulb: | Areas of flow separation |
| A symptom of a CVA is? | Aphasia for 72 hours |
| The ICA flow differs from ECA flow in what way? | ICA has less peripheral resistance than the ECA |
| In a carotid duplex exam, what is the most frequent reason for under-estimation of the amount of stenosis? | Improper placement of the sample volume |
| The criteria used for correct vessel identification in a TCD is? | Depth of the sample volume, the direction of flow, the velocity of flow |
| The acoustic windows providing access to the intracranial vessels in TCD are? | Transorbital, transtemporal, transforaminal |
| Which artery is not routinely evaluated in a TCD exam? | Posterior communicating |
| In a TCD exam, what is the normal direction of flow in the middle cerebral artery? | Antegrade= blood flowing forward, away from the heart |
| Utilizing duplex scanning, the criteria for determining a 80-99% diameter reduction of the ICA is | Peak >125cm/sec, End >140cm/sec |
| Autoregulation | Arterioles assist with regulating blood flow thru contraction and relaxation(varying the degree of resistance) |
| What are the three layers of the arteries? | Intima, Media, Adventitia |
| Intima | Innermost layer in contact with blood, made of an endothelial lining |
| Media | middle layer, muscle, elastic connective tissue, consists of smooth muscle cells |
| Adventitia(external) | outer layer of supporting connective tissue-provides significant portion of total strength to the arterial wall, contains the vasa vasorum |
| Vasa Vasorum | located in the adventitia layer, are tiny vessels that carry blood to the walls of the arteries themselves |
| What is the first major branch of the aortic arch? | Innominate(Brachiocephalic) Artery |
| The Innominate Artery divides into what arteries? | Right Common Carotid and right subclavian |
| The right subclavian artery divides into what artery? | Right vertebral |
| The left subclavian artery divides into what artery? | Left vertebral |
| Branches of the Abdominal Aorta are: | Celiac Artery,Superior mesenteric artery(SMA),Renal Arteries,Inferior mesenteric artery(IMA),Terminal branches |
| Celiac artery(CA) | located below diaphragm,branches into left gastric artery, splenic artery and common hepatic artery, supplies stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum and spleen |
| Superior mesenteric artery(SMA) | located one cm distal to the celiac artery, supplies the small intestine, cecum, parts of colon, can be a common trunk with the celiac artery |
| Renal arteries | located below the SMA, supply blood to the kidneys, suprarenal glands and ureters, multiple renal arteries are not uncommon |
| Inferior mesenteric artery(IMA) | located about 3-4cm above bifurcation, supplies transverse colon,descending colon and part of the rectum |
| Terminal branches | is where the abdominal aorta terminates(approximately at umbilicus) and bifurcates into right and left common iliac arteries, which branches into external and internal iliac arteries |
| Internal iliac arteries/hypogastric artery | goes inward and begins the blood supply to the reproduction organs |
| External iliac arteries | travels along the medial side of the Psoas major muscle, continues the progression of blood to the lower extremities |
| Lower extremity arteries | Usually have a higher pulse amplitude than the Aorta, Common femoral,Profunda femoral,Femoral, Popliteal,Anterior tibial,Posterior tibial,Peroneal,Dorsalis Pedis |
| Common Femoral Artery | when the external iliac passes by the injuinal ligament(bind of hip)it becomes the common femoral artery, continues into proximal thigh, can be palpated |
| Profunda femoral Artery(Deep femoral artery) | is a branch of the common femoral artery |
| Femoral Artery(superficial femoral artery) | is a continuation of femoral artery after the profunda, located distal thigh, dives deeper into the leg in the adductor canal |
| Adductor Canal/Hiatus/Hunter's Canal | The most common site of atherosclerosis in the lower extremity(bend of the leg, behind knee) |
| Popliteal Artery | located behind the knee, can be palpated, divides three ways(anterior tibial, posterior tibial, peroneal arteries)below the popliteal fossa |
| Anterior Tibial Artery(ATA) | is a branch of the popliteal artery, passes above the interosseious membrane and distally comes to lie on the front of the tibia, can be palpated |
| Tibio-peroneal trunk | bifurcates into the posterior tibial and peroneal arteries |
| Posterior Tibial Artery(PTA) | runs behind the bone, terminates at the foot,slightly behind and below the medial maleotus(inner ankle bone), can be palpated |
| Peroneal Artery | moves thru deep muscle on the posterolateral aspect of calf, CANNOT be palpated |
| Dorsalis Pedis Artery(DPA) | when ATA enters foot become DPA, branches to deep plantar artery, plantar arch, lateral plantar artery |
| Upper Extremity Arteries | Subclavian, Axillary, Brachial, Radial, Ulnar, Digital |
| Subclavin Artery | crosses under the clavicle and over the first rib, most difficult upper extremity artery to visualize, becomes axillary artery |
| Axillary Artery | located deep in axillary fat pad(armpit),axillary becomes brachial artery after crossing the teres major muscle |
| Brachial Artery | lies in a groove between the biceps and tricep muscles, associated w/two veins,becomes the radial and ulnar artery at the elbow joint |
| Profunda Brachii(deep brachial artery) | is a branch off the brachial artery and is a major source of collateral flow around the elbow |
| Radial Artery | is on the thumb side of forearm |
| Ulnar Artery | is on the pinky side of the forearm |
| Digital Artery | include the deep palmer arch and the superficial palmar arch and they supply blood to the hand |
| Claudication | leg pain, ache, cramp - brought on by exercise and relieved by rest, usually due to ischemia but not always vascular in origin, pain is usually 12-15 inches distal to the site of stenosis |
| Most common site of claudication? | Calf, can occur in buttock, thigh, foot, arms if subclavin blocked |
| Ischemic rest pain | nocturnal pain that is severe and involves the foot distal to the metatarsals(digits and dorsum of foot),can be relieved by hanging feet off the bed or standing-gravity helps, has to be regular pain to truly be ischemic rest pain,occur when horizontal |
| Signs of damage from lack of blood flow? | dry/scaly skin, thickened nails, rubor(redness),coolness of skin, hair loss, ulcers, gangrene |
| Aneurysm | bulging of the wall of a vein or artery, due to a thinning or weakening by disease or congenital abnormality, cause unknown, |
| Dissecting Aneurysm | small tear in the intima allows blood to form a cavity between the two wall layers, often occurs in the thoracic aorta, can occur consequent to HTN or sever chest trauma |
| Pseudoaneurysm | Defect in the main artery wall-blood creates a channel of communication from the main artery to a pulsatile structure outside the vessel walls,ALWAYS has a neck,fairly common complication of cardiac cath,always a artery,treated w/thrombin or compression |
| 6 P's of Arterial Disease | Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Pressure, Polar sensation, Paralysis-loss of power of movement |
| Most common location for aneurysm is: | Infrarenal Aorta |
| Which vessels provide flow to low resistance vascular beds? | ICA, non-fasting SMA and Renal,vertebral, hepatic, splenic, celiac |
| Which vessels provide flow to high resistance vascular beds? | ECA, Aorta,fasting SMA and Femoral Artery, Iliac, Subclavian, extremity arteries |
| Piseuille's Law | Volume flow(Q)= Pressure(P)/Resistance(R), increase resistance=decreased flow, pressure and flow are inversely related, when Velocity increases Pressure decreases, Velocity decreases Pressure Increases |
| According to the Bernoulli principle Pressure is? | Lower in an area of high velocity such as a stenosis, When pressure decreases, flow increases: lower the pressure in a hurrican,faster the velocity of the wind |
| Post stenotic turbulence | flow is disturbed,may be bidirectional,spectral broadening is present, disturbed flow will return to normal(relaminarize) after the stenosis |
| A diameter reduction of 50% = A cross sectional area reduction of | 75% |
| Hemodynamically significant stenosis | causes a notable reduction in volume flow and pressure, a ratio of stenotic to prestenotic PSV greater than 2:1 |
| Primary Raynaud's Disease | Intermittent pallor, cyanosis and rubor that is caused soley by digital arterial spasm, brought on by cold exposure,chemicals(nicotine), emotion or trauma, cold challenge test is helpfull in identifying |
| Secondary Raynaud's Disease | pressence of cold sensitivity complicated by fixed arterial obstruction, associated with underlying autoimmune disease or connective tissue disease such as scleroderma, characterized by abnormal doppler waveforms |
| Adson Maneuver | positioning the arm at 90 degree angle to torso with the head turned toward arm being tested and away from the arm being tested |
| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | intermittent pain, numbness or weakness of arm related to a position(repetitive motion above the head),caused by compression of artery or nerve by the anterior scalene muscle, clavicle, rib or congenital muscular anomaly |
| What is the Adson maneuver used to evaluate? | Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
| Angioplasty | is the mechanical, hydraulic dilation of a narrowed or totally obstructed arterial lumen |
| Toe pressure should be what percentage of the ankle pressure? | 60 to 80% |
| Vasculogenic impotence | blockage of any artery in the supply chain to the hypogastric artery(internal iliac artery) |
| Allen Test | evaluates the integrity of the palmar arch, radial and ulnar arteries |
| What are the characteristics of an abnormal plethysmographic waveform? | initial loss of the dicrotic notch w/minimal to mild disease, increased severity proximal to the sample site causes systolic upstroke delays, amplitude reduction and rounded systolic peaks. |
| Embolism | Obstuction of vessel by foreign substance or blood clot, can be solid,liquid or gas,majority originate from the heart,most common underlying causes are Afib, MI w/mural thrombi |
| Thromboembolism | embolism of thrombus or blood clot |
| Cholesterol embolism | often from atherosclerotic plaque inside a vessel |
| Fat embolism | embolism of bone fracture or fat droplets |
| Air/Gas embolism | air bubbles |
| Septic embolism | pus-containing bacteria |
| Tissue embolism | small fragments of tissue |
| Foreign body embolism | foreign materials such as talc and other samll objects |
| Amniotic fluid embolism | amniotic fluid |
| Vasodilation | Enlargement of vessel lumen due to relaxing of the muscular vessel walls |
| Resistance | Opposition to flow of current in electricity and blood in the vascular system |
| High resistence | is pulsatile,tri or bi-phasic,characteristic flow reversals in diastole, ECA, Aorta, Iliac, Subclavian, Fasting-SMA, extremity arteries |
| Low resistence | is continuous throughout systole and diastole feeding a dilated vascular bed, ICA, renal, vertebral, hepatic, splenic, celiac,non-fasting SMA |
| Bernoulli's Principle | Pressure is lower in an area of high velocity such as a stenosis |
| Flow seperation | occur because of a geometry change w/wo intraluminal disease and because of curves in the vessel-results in regions w/stagnant or little movement, ex: graft anastomosis site, carotid bifurcation |
| What happens to blood flow in the presence of a stenosis? | at entrance of stenosis there is an increase in doppler shift frequency=spectral broadening & elevated velocities,flow abnormality or turbulent flow immediately past the stenosis,flow accelerates thru the stenosis,normalizes 3cm distal stenosis |
| Spectral Broadening | Filling in of the window or "clear area" in the spectral analysis, caused by: doppler gain set to high,doppler angle is incorrect,sample volume size is to large, sample volume is placed incorrectly,turbulent flow |
| Continuous Wave(CW) | information is obtained at all points along a single scan line. CANNOT sample flow at a set point |
| Pulsed Wave(PW) | Samples at a set location, must be parallel to flow, most accurate angle is 0 degrees, angle of less than 60 degrees is acceptable most prefer 45 to 60 degrees |
| Reynold's number | is unitless, reynold's number=average flow speed X tube diameter X density, interpreted as:less than 1500=laminar flow,1500 to 2300=indeterminate, above 2300=turbulent flow |
| What has the most dramatic effect on blood flow? | Vessel Diameter or Radius |
| Factors effecting resistance to flow | Viscosity, Vessel Diameter,Vessel Length, Inertial energy loss |
| Flow is dependent on | The physical properties of the blood and the properties of the vessel it's moving through |
| Complications of Arteriography | Puncture site hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, local artery occlusion |
| What is the most common site of stenosis or occlusion of the hemodialysis access graft? | Outflow Vein |
| What ABI puts a patient in the range of claudication? | .2 to 1.0 at rest |
| What information is gathered from doppler pressure evaluation? | presence or absence of peripheral arterial disease |
| What is difficult to interpret by the doppler pressure evaluation? | The presence of multilevel disease |
| What is the unique waveform characteristic of Raynaud's phenomena? | peaked |
| Distinguish ICA from ECA | ICA has no branches in the neck, is usually more lateral,is bulbous at it's origin, usually larger in diamerer,has a low resistance waveform w/more diastolic flow |
| What structures are fed by the ICA? | Eye and Brain |
| What structures are fed by the ECA? | Face, neck, thyroid and scalp |
| Name the branches of the ECA | ascending pharyngeal,facial, occipital |
| Symptoms of a CVA | TIA, amuarosis fugax, hemiparesis, dysarthria, aphasia |
| How long do symptoms of a CVA last? | More than 72 hours |
| Transient Ischemic Attack(TIA) | ischemic neurological deficit that lasts less than 24 hours |
| Amuarosis fugax | transient partial or complete loss of vision in one eye |
| Hemiparesis | unilateral partial or complete paralysis |
| Dysarthria | difficulty with speech |
| Aphasia | inability to communicate (speech,writting) |
| Which part of the brain is effected by the right ICA? | right hemisphere |
| Which part of the brain is effected by the left ICA? | left hemisphere |
| What is the difference in the ICA and ECA flow? | The ECA has a high resistance waveform with less diastolic flow, ICA has low resistance waveform with more diastolic flow |
| What can cause overestimation of stenosis in carotids? | accelerated flow may be compensatroy for contralateral disease, turbulent flow may be from tortuous vessel, artifact may be mistaken for plaque |
| What is the most frequent reason for underestimation of stenosis? | improper placement of the sample volume |
| Stenosis Criteria of a 80 to 99% diameter of the ICA is seen with | PSV > 125cm/sec & EDV > 140cm/sec |
| In what plane do you compress the vein | transverse |
| Why is heparin given to a patient with DVT? | keeps thrombus from forming in another area |
| What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery? | supra orbital, frontal, nasal |
| Name the acoustic windows for TCD | Transtemporal, transorbital, suboccipital |
| Which vessels are evaluated in a TCD? | MCA, ACA, PCA, terminal ICA, anterior and posterior communicating arteries from the transtemporal window,ICA siphon and ophthalmic from transorbital, verterbral and basilar from suboccipital |
| Normal direction of flow in the MCA is | laterally towards the temporal bone,towards transducer,above baseline |
| Normal direction of flow in the ACA is | medially towards the midbrain,away from transducer and below baseline |
| Normal direction of flow in the PCA is | P1-towards transducer,P2-away from transducer |
| Upper extremity venous duplex doppler signal is | more pulsatile, flow increases during inspiration, and the vessels are sometimes non-compressable even when normal |
| In a carotid duplex exam, overestimation of a stenosis occurs because of what? | Accelerated flow may be compensatory for contralateral disease, turbulent flow may be from tortuous vessel, artifact is mistaken for plaque |
| Which vessel is not a deep vein of the lower extremity? | Greater saphenous vein |
| What is the most important function of the venous sinuses of the lower legs? | To serve as a reservoir |
| What is the most important criteria in identification of the deep veins? | Adjacent artery |
| The confluence of the axillary and cephalic veins form which vessel? | subclavian |
| The return of venous flow from the legs to the heart is assisted by the following mechanisms. | venous valves, calf muscle pump, expiration |
| The three main risk factors for DVT(Virchow's Triad) are. | Trauma, Hypercoagulability, Venous stasis |
| In utilizing PPG to evaluate venous insufficiency, the criteria for determining incompetence of the superficial system is | A venous refill time < 20 seconds |
| In venous duplex scanning for DVT, list the characteristics that are of diagnostic value. | Augmentation with distal compression, wall compressibility, echogenicity of the lumen |
| List characteristics of an acute DVT. | Dilated vessel, Poor attachement to wall, Spongy texture |
| In venous duplex scanning, what is the preferred method of evaluating vein wall compressibility? | Gentle pressure with the probe, vessel in transverse view |
| In transverse view, color-flow doppler shows no filling of the popliteal vein, what factors must be considered? | DVT, Poor angle of insonation, Highpass filter set to high |
| Normal findings in a venous duplex scan of the arms that differ from those of the legs include what? | doppler signals may be more pulsatile, flow increases during inspiration, more limited vessel compressibility |
| The most common sequelae(complication) of DVT is | Valvular destruction |
| Why is heparin given to a patient with an acute DVT? | Decreases propagation |
| Extrinsic compression of the celiac artery is caused by the | Median arcuate ligament |
| Patient presents with crampy, dull abdominal pain immediately after meals. What vessel would be evaluated noninvasively? | SMA |
| What characteristics of diagnostic value are found in venous duplex scanning for DVT? | augmentation with distal compression, wall compressibility, echogenicity of the lumen |
| What characteristics are found with an acute DVT? | dilated vessel, poor attachment to wall, spongy texture |
| In utilizing PPG to evaluate venous insufficiency, the criteria for determinging incompetence of the superficial system is | a venous refill time of <20 seceonds |
| The three main risk factors for DVT(Virchow's Triad) are? | trauma, hypercoagulability, venous stasis |
| What is the most important criteria in identification of the deep veins? | adjacent artery |
| The return of venous flow from the legs to the heart is assisted by what mechanisms? | venous valves, calf muscle pump, expiration |
| The deep veins of the upper extremity are? | ulnar, radial, subclavian |
| The deep and superficial venous systems are connected at what sites? | groin saphenofemoral junction, popliteal fossa saphenopopliteal junction, ankle perforators |
| A deep venous thrombosis could lead to what complications | pulmonary embolism, venous insufficiency, venous hypertension |
| Is the greater saphenous a deep vein of the lower extremity? | no |
| Extrinsic compression of the celiac artery is caused by the | median arcuate ligament |
| Patient presents with crampy, dull abdominal pain immediately after meals. What vessel would be evaluated noninvasively | SMA |
| A high resistance blood flow pattern is normally found in | ECA, femoral artery, fasting SMA |
| Name the branches of the ophthamlic artery | supraorbital, frontal, nasal |
| Name the acoustic windows for TCD | transtemporal, transorbital, suboccipital |
| Normal direction of flow in the MCA | laterally towards the temporal bone,antegrade |
| Normal direction of flow in the ACA | medially towards the midbrain |
| Normal direction of flow in the PCA | P1 toward, P2 away |
| When the external iliac artery passes underneath this structure, it becomes the common femoral artery | Inguinal ligament |
| This artery passes forward above the interosseious membrane and distally comes to lie on the front of the tibia | anterior tibial artery |
| Tunica intima refers to what arterial wall | the inner layer |
| Which vessels is not palpable? | peroneal |
| What arteries provide flow to high resistant vascular beds? | ICA, vertebral, renal, non-fasting SMA, hepatic ,MCA |
| Does the Aorta normally have a lower pulse amplitude? | yes |
| According to Bernoulli what is NOT true about pressure/velocity relationships? | pressure is higher at the region of stenosis |
| Extrinsic compression of celiac artery is caused by the | median arcuate ligament |
| What causes vasodilatation of the high resistance bed? | body heating, exercise, stenosis |
| 75% area reduction equates to a | 50% diameter reduction |
| What are the characteristics of post-stenotic turbulence | Bi-directional, spectral broadening |
| Excercise induces peripheral vasodilatation in the microcirculation which | decreases the distal peripheral resistance |
| What are the characteristics of claudication | pain in muscle during exercise, pain usually subsides after rest |
| "primary Raynauds's" occurs when | ischemia is due to distal arterial spasm |
| Most important differential diagnostic parameter for pseudoaneurysm | communication tract between artery and aneurysm |
| Characteristic high resistance signal | triphasic, pulsatile, reverse component biphasic |
| Characteristic recordings of analog | less sensitive than spectral analysis, low velocities are overestimated, noisy |
| A patient presenting with ischemic rest pain complains of | foot pain when supine, relieved by standing |
| What can be determined by the doppler pressure evaluation | can be difficult to interpret in the presence of multilevel disease |
| An ABI of .65 places the patient into the category of | claudication |
| The Allen test is most often utilized to assess patency of what vessels? | radial artery, ulnar artery, palmar arch |
| Vasculogenic impotence can be caused by | common iliac artery occlusion internal iliac artery stenosis aortic occlusion |
| Characteristics of an abnormal plethysmographic waveform | slow upstroke, rounded peak, prolonged downslope |
| Toe pressure should be what % of the ankle pressure? | 60% - 80% |
| Waveforms as the result of Raynaud's phenomena have this unique characteristic | peaked |
| Most common site of stenosis or occlusion of the hemodialysis access graft is | outflow vein |
| using duplex scanning, criteria for determination of a 50% - 99% diamter reduction of the femoral artery is | ratio of stenotic to pre-stenotic, PSV is greater than 2:1 |
| A high resistance blood flow pattern is normally found in the | ECA, femoral artery, fasting SMA |
| Adson maneuver is performed for the assessment of | thoracic outlet syndrome |
| Most common complications to arteriography | puncture site hematoma, pseudo-aneurysm, local artery occlusion |
| Balloon agioplasty is more commonly used in what arteries? | femoral, popliteal, iliac |
| Bernoulli's principle explains which phenomenon of the carotid bulb | areas of flow seperation |
| According to Poiseuill's law, what has the most dramatic effect on blood flow | radius of the vessel |
| As blood flows thru a stenosis what occurs | flow accelerates thru stenosis, turbulent flow is evident,laminar flow resumes downstream from the stenosis |
| What are the contraindications for OPG-Gee | allergies to local anesthetics, eye surgery within last 6 months, a past spontaneous, retinal detachment |
| What does spectral broadening usually represent | turbulent flow |
| The ICA distributes blood to | brain, eyes ,nose |
| ECA branches into what arteries | ascending pharyngeal, facial, occipital |
| Vertebral arteries arise from the | subclavian |
| A symptom of a CVA is | aphasia for 72 hours |
| The cause of a right hemispheric infarct may be: | right ICA occlusion |
| In a carotid duplex exam, overestimation of a stenosis occurs because of what | accelerated flow may be compensatory for contralateral disease turbulent flow may be from tortuous vessel artifact is mistaken for plaque |
Created by:
JLC1968
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