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Ch 8 All the Rest
Ch 8 Pathology, Diagnostic & Therapeutic Procedures, Pharmacology, Abbreviations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aphthous ulcers | painful ulcers in the mouth of unknown cause. Commonly called canker sores. |
| Cleft lip | Congenital anomaly in which the upper lip and jaw bone fail to fuse in the midline leaving an open gap. Often seen along with a cleft palate. Corrected with surgery. |
| Cleft palate | Congenital anomaly in which the roof of the mouth has a split or fissure. Corrected with surgery. |
| Herpes labialis | Infection of the lip by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Also called fever blister or cold sore. |
| Periodontal disease | Disease of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bones; most common cause of tooth loss. |
| Esophageal varices | Enlarged and swollen varicose veins in the lower end of the esophagus. If these rupture, serious hemorrhage results; often related to liver disease. |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Acid from the stomach flows backward up into the esophagus causing inflammation and pain. |
| Gastric carcinoma | Cancerous tumor in the stomach |
| Hiatal hernia | Protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm (also called a diaphragmatocele) and extending into the thoracic cavity; gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common symptom. |
| Peptic ulcer disease | Ulcer in lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum;thought to be caused by acid of gastric juices.Damage to lining of stomach may be caused by Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori).A perforated ulcer (all the way through stomach wall) needs surgery. |
| Anal fistula | Abnormal tube like passage from the surface around the anal opening directly into the rectum. |
| Colorectal carcinoma | Cancerous tumor along the length of the colon and rectum. |
| Crohn’s disease | Form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting primarily the ileum and/or colon. Also called regional ileitis. This autoimmune condition affects all the layers of the bowel wall and results in scarring and thickening of the gut wall. |
| Diverticulitis | Inflammation of the diverticulum (an outpouching off the gut), especially in the colon. Inflammation often results when food becomes trapped within the pouch. |
| Diverticulosis | Condition of having diverticula (outpouches off the gut). May lead to diverticulitis if one becomes inflamed. |
| Dysentery | Disease characterized by diarrhea, often with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, fever, and dehydration. Caused by ingesting food or water contaminated by chemicals, bacteria, protozoans, or parasites. |
| Hemorrhoids | Varicose veins in the rectum. |
| Ileus | Severe abdominal pain, inability to pass stool, vomiting, and abdominal distension as a result of an intestinal blockage. May require surgery to reverse the blockage. |
| Inguinal hernia | Hernia/protrusion of a loop of small intestines into the inguinal region through a weak spot in the abdominal muscle wall that develops into a hole. May become strangulated if muscle tightens down around the loop of intestines & cuts off blood flow. |
| Intussusception | Result of the intestine slipping or telescoping into another section of intestine just below it. More common in children. |
| Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | Disturbance in the functions of the intestine from unknown causes. Symptoms generally include abdominal discomfort and an alteration in bowel activity. Also called spastic colon or functional bowel syndrome. |
| Polyposis | Small tumors that contain a pedicle or stemlike attachment in the mucous membranes of the large intestine (colon); may be precancerous. |
| Ulcerative colitis | Chronis inflammatory condition that produces numerous ulcers to form on the mucous membrane lining of the colon; the cause is unknown. Also, known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
| Volvulus | Condition in which the bowel twists upon itself and causes an obstruction. Painful and requires immediate surgery. |
| Cholecystitis | Inflammation of the gallbladder; most commonly caused by gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct that block the flow of bile. |
| Cholelithiasis | Presence of gallstones; may or may not cause symptoms such as cholecystalgia |
| Cirrhosis | Chronic disease of the liver associated with failure of the liver to function properly. |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver, usually due to a viral infection. Different viruses are transmitted by different routes, such as sexual contact or from exposure to blood or fecally contaminated water or food. |
| Alanine transaminase (ALT) | Enzyme normally present in the blood. Blood levels are increased in persons with liver disease. |
| Aspartate transaminase (AST) | normally present in the blood. Blood levels are increased in persons with liver disease. |
| Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) | Laboratory test on the feces to determine if microscopic amounts of blood are present. Also called hemoccult or stool guaiac. |
| Ova and parasites (O&P) | Laboratory examination of feces with a microscope for the presence of parasites or their eggs. |
| Serum bilirubin | Blood test to determine the amount of the waste product bilirubin in the bloodstream. Elevated levels indicate liver disease. |
| Stool culture | Laboratory test of feces to determine if any pathogenic bacteria are present. |
| Bite wing x-ray | X-ray taken with a part of the film holder held between the teeth and parallel to the teeth. |
| Intravenous cholecystography | Dye is administered intravenously to the patient, which allows for the x-ray visualization of the gallbladder and bile ducts. |
| Lower gastrointestinal series | X-ray image of the colon and rectum is taken after the administration of barium (a radiopaque dye) by enema. Also called a barium enema. |
| Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) | Procedure in which contrast medium is injected directly into the liver to visualize the bile ducts. Used to detect obstructions. |
| Upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) | Administering of a barium contrast material orally and then taking an x-ray to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Also called a barium swallow. |
| Colonoscopy | Flexible fiberscope called a colonoscope is passed through the anus, rectum, and colon; used to examine the upper portion of the colon. Polyps and small growths can be removed during this procedure. |
| Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography | Procedure using an endoscope to visually examine the hepatic duct, common duct, & pancreatic duct. The endoscope is inserted through the anus & worked backwards to the area where pancreatic & common bile ducts empty into the duodenum. |
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy | Use of a flexible fiberoptic endoscope to visually examine the esophagus, stomach, and the beginning of the duodenum. |
| Gastroscopy | Procedure in which a flexible gastroscope is passed through the mouth and down the esophagus in order to visualize inside the stomach. Used to diagnose peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma. |
| Laparoscopy | Laparoscope is passed into the abdominal wall through a small incision. The abdominal cavity is then visually examined for tumors and other conditions with this lighted instrument. Also called peritoneoscopy. |
| Sigmoidoscopy | Procedure using a flexible sigmoidoscope to visually examine the sigmoid colon. Commonly done to diagnose cancer and polyps. |
| Paracentesis | Insertion of a needle into the abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid. Tests to diagnose diseases may be conducted on the fluid. |
| Extraction | Removing or “pulling” teeth. |
| Root canal | Dental treatment involving the pulp cavity of the root of the tooth. Procedure is used to save a tooth that is badly infected or abscessed. |
| Gavage | Using a nasogastric (NG) tube to place liquid nourishment directly into the stomach. |
| Lavage | Using a nasogastric (NG) tube to wash out the stomach. For example, after ingestion of dangerous substances. |
| Nasogastric intubation (NG tube) | Flexible catheter is inserted into the nose and down the esophagus to the stomach. May be used for feeding or to suction out stomach fluids. |
| Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) | Providing 100% of a patient’s nutrition intravenously. Used when a patient is unable to eat. |
| Anastomosis | To surgically create a connection between two organs or vessels. For example, joining together two cut ends of the intestines after a section is removed. |
| Bariatric surgery | A group of surgical procedures such as stomach stapling and restrictive banding to reduce the size of the stomach. A treatment for morbid (extreme) obesity. |
| Choledocholithotripsy | Crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct. |
| Colostomy | Surgical creation of an opening of some portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside surface. Fecal material (stool) drains into a bag worn on the abdomen. |
| Diverticulectomy | Surgical removal of a diverticulum. |
| Exploratory laparotomy | Abdominal operation for the purpose of examining the abdominal organs and tissues for signs of disease or other abnormalities. |
| Fistulectomy | Removal of a fistula |
| Gastric stapling | Procedure that closes off a large section of the stomach with rows of staples. Results in a much smaller stomach to assist very obese patients to lose weight. |
| Hemorrhoidectomy | Surgical removal of hemorrhoids from the anorectal area. |
| Hernioplasty | Surgical repair of a hernia. Also called herniorrhaphy. |
| Laparoscopic cholecystectomy | Surgical removal of the gallbladder through a very small abdominal incision with the assistance of a laparoscope. |
| Liver transplant | Transplant of a liver from a donor. |
| Anorexiant | Treats obesity by suppressing appetite. |
| Antacid | Used to neutralize stomach acids. |
| Antidiarrheal | Used to control diarrhea. |
| Antiemetic | Treats nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness. |
| Emetic | Induces vomiting. |
| H2-receptor antagonist | Used to treat peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. When stimulated, H2-receptors increase the production of stomach acid. Using an antagonist to block these receptors results in a low acid level in the stomach. |
| Laxative | Treats constipation by stimulating a bowel movement. |
| Proton pump inhibitors | Used to treat peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Blocks the stomach’s ability to secrete acid. |
| ac | before meals |
| ALT | alanine transaminase |
| AST | aspartate transaminase |
| ba | barium |
| BE | barium enema |
| BM | bowel movement |
| BS | bowels sounds |
| CBD | common bile duct |
| EGD | esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
| ERCP | endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography |
| FOBT | fecal occult blood test |
| GB | gallbladder |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| HAV | hepatitis A virus |
| HBV | hepatitis B virus |
| HCI | hydrochloric acid |
| HCV | hepatitis C virus |
| HDV | hepatitis D virus |
| HEV | hepatitis E virus |
| HSV-1 | herpes simplex virus type 1 |
| IBD | inflammatory bowel disease |
| IBS | irritable bowel syndrome |
| IVC | intravenous cholangiography |
| NG | nasogastric (tube) |
| NPO | nothing by mouth |
| n&v | nausea and vomiting |
| O&P | ova and parasites |
| pc | after meals |
| PO | by mouth |
| pp | postprandial |
| PTC | percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography |
| PUD | peptic ulcer disease |
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition |
| UGI | upper gastrointestinal series |
Created by:
AltheaMathews
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