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A&P lessons3
anatomy and physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "Metabolism" refers to | all of the chemical reactions in a cell. |
| Anabolic metabolism refers to | biochemical reactions that synthesize compounds. |
| What is an example of catabolism? | The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. |
| Catabolism refers to | breakdown of large molecules. |
| An example of an anabolic reaction is | many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen. |
| In dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate, | monosaccharides join |
| When a sucrose molecule is decomposed to yield a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule | water molecule is used |
| Dehydration synthesis reactions _____, whereas hydrolysis reactions _____. | lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds |
| What is not a characteristic of enzymes? | They are most active at temperatures about 53 degrees C. |
| An enzyme is | a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy. |
| The name of an enzyme ends in | -ase |
| The basic steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are: | substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled. |
| What describes the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate? | Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule. |
| An important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways under physiological conditions is | negative feedback |
| Three factors that increase the rates of enzyme-controlled reactions are the | number of enzyme molecules, number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme. |
| A cofactor is ______ and examples are _____. | a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc |
| Humans require vitamins in their diets because these nutrients | act as cofactors. |
| A molecule that carries energy in a form the cell can use is | ATP |
| ATP is important to cellular processes because it | provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken. |
| Energy is defined as | the capacity of matter to change. |
| What is the function of ATP molecules in living cells? | They hold energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes. |
| Oxidation during cellular respiration differs from burning in that respiration | uses enzymes to lower the activation energy. |
| The reactions of anaerobic respiration take place in the | cytoplasm |
| Which of the following substances increases in abundance during cellular respiration? | ATP |
| A molecule that is common to carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways and connects these two pathways metabolically is | acetyl coenzyme A |
| A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in | glycolysis |
| In the citric acid cycle | carbon dioxide is released |
| In cellular respiration, | energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules. |
| Anaerobic respiration occurs in _____, whereas aerobic respiration occurs in ______. | cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required |
| Anaerobic respiration | breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, occurs in the absence of oxygen, releases energy, transfers energy to ATP molecules. |
| Aerobic respiration | requires oxygen |
| A molecule that is a storage form of carbohydrate is | glycogen |
| Which choice lists structures in order of increasing size? | nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome |
| If one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is | AGTCCGATAAGGGC. |
| DNA replication occurs | during interphase of the cell cycle. |
| During DNA replication, | the DNA double helix comes apart where hydrogen bonds join base pairs, and new nucleotides are brought in, forming two double helices |
| How many codons specify the twenty types of amino acids? | 61 |
| The genetic code is | the correspondence between a DNA nucleotide and a specific amino acid. |
| Which of the following is not true regarding RNA? | It is double-stranded. |
| Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of DNA but not RNA? | thymine |
| Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of RNA but not DNA? | Uracil |
| A sequence of DNA 333 nucleotides long that is part of a gene encodes ___ amino acids. | 111 |
| DNA transcribed to mRNA always begins with the sequence | AUG |
| Copying DNA information into an mRNA molecule is called | transcription |
| Transcription and translation differ in that | transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein. |
| A peptide bond forms between | adjacent amino acids held on a ribosome and bound to tRNAs. |
| Codons are part of | mRNA |
| Synthesis of a protein stops when | any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA. |
| A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes an mRNA of sequence | UUGCCACGUGGUGCC |
| A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes a portion of a protein of sequence | leu-pro-arg-gly-ala |
| A mutation is | a change in a DNA sequence in less than 1% of a population that affects anatomy and/or physiology. |
| The genome sequences of different individuals are | about 99.9% alike |
| A mutation can cause disease if | the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that affects the encoded protein's functioning. |
| Three types of genetic changes are | mutations, SNPs, and changes in copy number. |
| An active site is the part of a substrate molecule that binds an enzyme. | False |
| An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphates. | True |
| The electron transport chain is a series of enzyme complexes that pass electrons, releasing energy that is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane. | True |
| All of the genetic information in a cell is a genome. | True |
| The portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for making a protein is called a gene. | True |
| A DNA molecule is a double helix in which A pairs with C and T pairs with G. | False |
| A DNA sequence of CGCTTACGATTG would be transcribed into an RNA sequence of GCGAAUGCUAAC. | True |
| Three types of RNA participate in protein synthesis. | True |
| The part of the tRNA that binds mRNA is the anticodon. | TRue |
| Anaerobic and aerobic respiration begin with _______, in which glucose is broken down. | glycolysis |
| The molecule that an enzyme affects is its _________. | substrate |
| Adenine and guanine are ________ and cytosine and thymine are ______. | purines; pyrimidines |
| The substances acted upon by an enzyme is called______. | substrate |
| When amino acids are bonded to form proteins | the process involves dehydration synthesis |
| Which of the following does not denature an enzyme? | the process involves dehydration synthesis |
| Which of the following does not denature an enzyme? | addition of water |
| What is the net ATP production in glycolysis? | 2 |
| The anaerobic phase of cellular respiration is called _______. | glycolysis |
| During anaerobic conditions, when low oxygen levels may occur, glucose is converted to what stable end product to provide ATP energy? | lactic acid |
| The formation of ATP involving the loss of hydrogen atoms and the bonding of phosphate to ADP is called | oxidative phosphorylation |
| Which of the following is a difference between RNA and DNA molecules? | Which of the following is a difference between RNA and DNA molecules? |
| mRNA carries information from the _____ to the _____. | nucleus to the ribosomes |
| tRNA functions to carry | carry amino acids to the ribosomes |
| Where does transcription occur? | nucleus |
| Where does translation occur? | ribosomes |
| During the process of protein synthesis, amino acids are positioned in proper sequence by molecules of | transfer RNA |
| What is the name for a series of 3 nucleic acid bases contained on mRNA? | codon |
| What is the name for a series of 3 nucleic acids bases on the tRNA? | anticodon |
| What is the name of the process that synthesizes mRNA from DNA using a section called a gene? | transcription |
| Bonds between the complementary base pairs in DNA. | hydrogen |
| An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once. | false |
| The enzyme _____________ unzips and unwinds the DNA molecule. | helicase |
| The leading strand is replicated continuously, while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously. | True |
| Translation is the synthesis of | proteins from mRNA |
| The codon of tRNA is complementary to the anticodon of mRNA. | False |
| In glycolysis, glucose is converted to | pyruvate |
| ____ is the number of codons that specify the 20 types of animo acids. | 61 |
| Which of the following is an enzyme? | amylase |
| During aerobic respiration, the last carrier protein transfers a pair of electrons to __________________. | oxygen |
| Electrons enter the ETC when NADH transfers them there along with protons in the form of hydrogen. | True |
| Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is converted to ________. | lactic acid |
| ____________ is the enzyme that begins transcription. | RNA polymerase |
| What do 2 circuits of Krebs cycle produce? | 2 ATP, 4 NADH, 2 FADH2 |
| Before entering Kreb's cycle, pyruvate is converted to acetic acid. | False |
| An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once. | False |
| If DNA has a sequence of bases (ATG), what would the mRNA sequence be? | UAC |
| If DNA has a sequence of bases (TAG), what would the tRNA sequence be? | AUC |
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jaleesap21
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