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Anatomy Chapter 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy is | the study of body structure, which include size, shape, composition and perhaps even coloration. |
| Physiology is | the study of how the body functions |
| Pathophysiology is | the study of disorders of functioning. |
| Inorganic chemicals are | usually simple molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon (with a few exceptions). |
| Organic chemicals are | often very complex and always contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. |
| Cells are | the smallest living units of structure and function. |
| Tissue is | a group of cells with similar structure and function. |
| Epithelial tissue | cover or line body surfaces; some are capable of producing secretions with specific functions. |
| Connective tissues | connect and support parts of the body; some transport or store materials. |
| Muscle tissues | specialized for contraction, which brings about movement. |
| Nerve tissues | specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions. |
| Organ | A group of tissues precisely arranged so s to accomplish specific functions. |
| An organ may be considered a | "cooperation of tissues." |
| Organ system | A group of organs that all contribute to a particular function. |
| Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions and physical processes that take place within the body. |
| Metabolic rate | Used to to mean the speed at which the body produces energy and heat, or, put another way, energy production per unit of time, such as 24 hours. |
| Homeostasis | reflects the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable metabolism and to function normally despite many constant changes. |
| Negative feedback mechanism | in which the body's response reverses the stimulus (in effect, turning it off for a while). |
| Positive feedback mechanism | in which the response to the stimulus does not stop or reverse the stimulus, but instead keeps the sequence of events going. |
| Pulmonary refers to | the lungs |
| Femoral refers to | the thigh |
| Brachial refers to | the upper arm |
| The two major cavities are | the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity |
| The dorsal cavity | is continuous |
| Organs in the abdominal cavity includes | the liver, stomach and intestines |
| The peritoneum is the | membrane that lines the entire abdominal wall |
| The mesentery is the | continuation of the peritoneum |
| Frontal (coronal) section | a plane from side to side separates the body into front and back portions |
| Sagittal section | a plane from front to back separates the body into right and left portions. |
| Midsagittal section | creates equal right and left halves |
| Cross-section | A plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ |
| Longitudinal section | A plane along the long axis of an organ |
| Transverse section | A horizontal plane separates the body (or a part) into upper and lower portions |
| Quadrants | A transverse plane and a midsagittal plane that cross at the umbilicus divide the abdomen into four quadrants |
| Disulfide bond is a | covalent bond formed between two atoms of sulfur, usually within the same large protein molecule. |
| A hydrogen bond does not | involve the sharing or exchange of electrons, but rather results because of a property of hydrogen atoms. |
| In a synthesis reaction | bonds are formed to join two or more atoms or molecules to make a new compound. |
| In a decomposition reaction | bonds are broken and a large molecule is changed to two more more smaller ones |
| Water is a s______ | solvent |
| Water is a l______ | lubricant |
| Water changes temperature _________ | slowly |
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) | The water within cells; about 65% of the total body water |
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) | All the rest of the water in the body; about 35% of the total body water. |
| Plasma | water found in blood vessels |
| Lymph | Water found in lymphatic vessels |
| Tissue fluid or interstitial fluid | Water found in the small spaces between cells |
| Specialized fluids | synovial fluid in joints, cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord, aqueous humor in the eye, and the others. |
| Oxygen makes up ______ of the atmosphere we breathe. | 21% |
| Acidosis | When carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood. |
| Cell respiration is the name for | energy production within cells and involves both respiratory gases, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. |
| Cell respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + heat |
| Trace elements | are elements that are needed in the body in very small amounts |
| An acid is | a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a water solution. |
| A base is | a substance that decreases the concentration of H+ ions ,which, in the case of water, has the same effect as increasing the concentration of hydroxyl ions (OH-) |
| Buffer system | A chemical or pair of chemicals that minimizes changes in pH by reacting with strong acids or strong bases to transform them into substances that will not drastically change pH. |
| Carbohydrates | Sources of energy in cell respiration, |
| All carbohydrates contain | carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| Monosaccharides | Single-sugar compounds,the simplest sugars |
| Glucose is a | hexose, a six-carbon sugar, with formula C6H1206 |
| Pentose is a | five-carbon sugar |
| Disaccharides | Double sugars, made of two monosaccharides linked by a covalent bond. |
| Antigens are | chemical markers that identify cells. |
| Ogliosaccharides | consist of from 3 to 20 monosaccharides. |
| Polysaccharides | are made of thousands of glucose molecules, bonded in different ways, resulting in different shapes. |
| Starches are | branched chains of glucose and are produced by plant cells to store energy. |
| Glycogen is | a highly branched chain of glucose molecules, is our own storage form for glucose. |
| Celulose is | a nearly straight chain of glucose molecules produced by plant cells as part of their cells walls. |
| Lipids | contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; some also contain phosphorus. |
| True fats | are made of one molecule of glycerol and one ,two, or three fatty acid molecules. |
| Triglyceride | Three fatty acid molecules bonded to a single glycerol. |
| Diglyceride | Two fatty acid molecules bonded to a single glycerol. |
| Monoglyceride | One fatty acid molecules bonded to a single glycerol. |
| Atherosclerosis | the abnormal cholesterol deposits in the lining that may clog arteries, especially the coronary arteries of the heart. |
| Phosopholipids | Diglycerides with a phosphate group (PO4) in the third bonding site of glycerol. |
| Cholesterol | is an important steroid. It is made of four rings of carbon and hydrogen (not fatty acids an glycerol). |
| Proteins are made of smaller units called | amino acids |
| Peptide bonds | The bond between two amino acids |
| Polypeptide | A short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Enzymes are | catalysts |
| Denatured enzyme | An enzyme that has lost its shape. |
| Nucleolus | A small sphere made of DNA, RNA and protein |
| Cytoplasm | A watery solution of minerals, gases, organic molecules and cell organelles that is found between the cell membrane and the nucleus. |
| Cytosol | The water portion of cytoplasm |
| Organelles | Intracellular structures that have specific functions in cellular metabolism. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | An extensive network of membranous tubules that extend from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. |
| Ribosomes | Very small structures made of protein and ribosomal RNA. |
| Proteasome | A barrel-shaped organelle made of enzymes that cut protein molecules apart. |
| Adducting | Moving towards the midline of the body |
| Abbducting | Moving away from the midline of the body. |
| The Golgi apparatus' tasks are | secretion, synthesizing carbohydrates and packing them. |
| Inversion | Turning something in |
| Eversion | Turning something out |
| Mitochondria | oval or spherical organelles bounded by a double membrane that produce energy |
| Lysosomes | Single-membrane structures that contain digestive enzymes. |
| Microvilli | the folds of the cell membrane on the free surface of a cell. |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion or water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Molecules moving through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, by means of some transporter cells. |
| Pathogen | A disease-causing organism |
| Active transport | requires less energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of great concentration. |
| Blood pressure is created by | the pumping of the heart |
| Endocytosis | to take into a cell |
| Phagocytosis | A moving cell engulfs something |
| Pinocytosis | A stationary cells engulfs something |
| Isotonic solution | A solution with the same salt concentration as in cells. |
| Hypotonic solution | A solution with a lower salt concentration than in cells. |
| Hypertonic solution | A solution with a higher salt concentration than in cells. |
| The stages of mitosis are | prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase |
| Stem cell | An unspecialized cell that may develop into several different kinds of cells |
| Apoptosis | The self-destruction or programmed cell death. |
| Meiosis | a more complex process of cell division that results in the formation of gametes, which are egg and sperm cells. |
| Oogenesis | The meiosis that takes place in the ovaries. |
| Spermatogenesis | The meiosis that takes plae in the testes. |
| What is the body's pH range? | 7.38-7.42 pH |
| Epithelial tissues | Tissues found on surfaces as either coverings (outer surfaces) or linins (inner surfaces). |
| Squamous cells are | flat |
| Cuboidal cells are | cube shaped |
| Columnar cells are | tall and narrow |
| Simple means | a single layer of cells |
| Stratified means | many layers of cells are present |
| Transitional epithelium | A type of stratified epithelium in which the surface cells change shape from round to squamous. |
| Glandular epithelium | Epithelium whose job is to secrete. |
| Columnar cells are specialized for | secretion and absportion. |
| Ciliated epithelium has _____ on its free surfaces | cilia |
| Glands | Cells or organs that secret something |
| Unicellular means | one cell. |
| Goblet cells | Cells found in the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts |
| Exocrine gland | Have ducts to take the secretion away from the gland |
| Endocrine glands | Are ductless glands |
| Matrix | Structural network or solution of non-living intercellular material. |
| The matrix of the blood is | plasma |
| How much plasma is there in the blood? | 52% to 62% |
| Hemopoietic tissue | blood forming tissue |
| Blood cells are produced from | stem cells in red bone marrow |
| Red blood cells | carry oxygen bonded to the iron in their hemoglobin |
| White blood cells | destroy pathogen by phagocytosis |
| Platelets | prevent blood loss |
| Fibroblasts | cells of areolar connective tissue |
| Blast cell | A producing cell |
| Collagen fibers are very | strong |
| Elastin fibers are | elastic |
| Fibroblats are able to | migrate to sites of damage and produce these protein fiber as part of the repair process. |
| Anatomy is | structure |
| Physiology is | function |
| Adipocytes | The cells in both white adipose tissue and brown fat. |
| Thermogenic means | heat generating |
| Fibrous connective tissue consists mainly of | parallel collagen fibers with a few fibroblasts scattered among them |
| Elsatic connective tissue is primarily | elastin fibers |
| Osteocytes | Bone cells |
| Protein-carbohydrate cartilage does not contain | calcium salts |
| Muscle tissue is specialized for | contraction |
| Myocytes | muscle cells |
| There are three type of muscle tissue | skeletal, smooth and cardiac |
| Skeletal muscle is also called | striated muscle or voluntary muscle |
| Smooth muscle is also called | involuntary muscle or visceral muscle |
| Cardiac muscle | heart muscle |
| Intercalated discs | permit electrical impulses to pass swiftly from cell to cell. |
| Myocardium | All of the heart muscle |
| Nerve tissue consists of | neurons |
| Axon | The process that carries impulses away from a neuron |
| Dendrite | The process that carries impulses towards a neuron |
| Synapse | The small space between neurons |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals that transmit the impulses of neurons |
| membranes | Sheets of tissue that cover or line surfaces or that separate organs or parts (lobes) of organs from one another. |
| Serous membranes | sheets of simple squamous epithelium that line some closed body cavities and cover the organs in these cavities. |
| Pleural membranes | Serous membranes of teh thoracic cavity |
| Parietal pleura | lines the chest wall |
| Visceral pleura | covers the lungs |
| Pleural membranes secrete | serous fluid |
| Parietal pericardium | lines teh fibrous pericardium |
| epicardium | is ont eh surface of the hear muscle |
| Peritoneum | The serous membrane that lines the cavity |
| Mesentery | is folder over and covers the abdominal organs |
| Mucous membranes | line the body tracts (systems) that have openings to the environment |
| Mucus keeps the lining epithelial cells | wet |
| The epidermis is made of | stratified squamous keratinizing epithelial tissue |
| Keratinocytes | The cells most abundant in the skin |
| Stratum germinativum | the base of the epidermis, the innermost layer in which mitosis takes place |
| Defensins | Antimicrobial peptides that living keratinocytes are able to synthesize |
| Stratum corneum | The outermost epidermal layer |
| First degree burn | Only the superficial epidermis is burned |
| Second degree burn | Deeper layers of the epidermis are affected. The burn also inflames. |
| Third degree burn | The entire epidermis is charred or burned way |
| Fourth degree burn | The burn has reached the underlying muscle tissue or bone |
| Langerhans cells | Phagocytize foreign materials |
| Melanocytes | produce melanin |
| Papillary layer | the uneven junction of the dermis with the epidermis. |
| Pilomotor | The muscle that moves hair |
| Free nerve endings receive | heat, cold and itch |
| Encapsulate nerve ending receive | touch and pressure |
| Glands are made of | epithelial tissue |
| Sebaceous glands secrete | sebum |
| Ceruminous glands secrete | ear wax |
| Apocrine glands | Sweat glands in the underarm and genital areas |
| Eccrine glands | Sweat glands found everywhere, but numerous on the forehead, upper lip, palms and soles. |
| Arterioles | small arteries |
| Vasodilation | The dilating of arterioles |
| Vasoconstriction | The constricting of arterioles |
| Mast cells | produce histamine, luekotrienes and other chemicals that help bring about inflammation |
| As you age, | the layers of skin become thinner and more fragile and wrinkled as collagen and elastin fibers deteriorate |
| Alopecia | the marked loss of hair |
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