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chapter one A&P ONE
an introduction to the structures and functions of the body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomy | the study of the structure of an organism and the realationships of it's parts( derived from two greek words that mean "a cutting up" ) |
| dissection | cutting technique used to separate body parts for study |
| physiology | the study of the functions of living organisims and their parts |
| disease | any significant abnormality in the body's structure or function that disrupts a person's vital function or physical, mental or scocial well being |
| pathology | the scientific study of disease |
| organization | the charecteristic of the body of being organized, that is, structured in different levels of complexity and coordinated in function; the human body is often said to be organized into different levels of organization:chemical, cell, tissue, organ, system, |
| stuctural levels of organization in the body | chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level |
| cells | considered to be the smallest living units of stucture and function in our bodies |
| tissues | an organization of many similar cells that act together to perform a common function |
| organs | a group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that they can act together as a unit to perform a special function |
| systems | are the most complex unit that make up the body( a system is and organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that they can together perform complex functions for the body.) |
| supine | lying face upward |
| prone | lying face downward |
| superior | toward the head, upper or above |
| inferior | toward the feet, lower or below |
| anterior | front or in front of |
| ventral | ( can be used instead of anterior) means toward the belly. |
| dorsal | toward the back ( can be used in place of posterior) |
| medial | toward the midline |
| lateral | toward the side of the body or away from it's midline |
| proximal | toward or nearest the trunk of the body, or nearest the point of origin of one of it's parts. |
| distal | away from or farthest from the trunk or point of origin of a body part |
| superficial | nearer the surface |
| deep | father away from the body surface |
| sagittal plane or (section) | length wise plane running from back to front. it divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides |
| mid sagittal plane or (section) | divides the body length wise into Eaqul halfs |
| frontal (coronal) | length wise plane running from side to side. divides the body or any of its parts in to front and back portions |
| transverse | a hrizontal or cross wise plane. divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions |
| two major body cavities | ventral and dorsal |
| thoracic cavity | the upper portion of the ventral cavity( chest cavity) |
| mediastinum | the mid potion of the thoracic cavity |
| right and left pleural cavityies | sub divisions of the thoracic cavities (right and left sides) |
| abdominopelvic cavity | lower part of the ventral cavity. the abdominal and pelvic cavity together, because no physical partition separates them. |
| diaphragm | separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity(dome shaped, most important muscle for breathing |
| atrophy | a degenerative process in which the there is an generalized decrease in size or a wasting away of many body organs and tissues that affects the structure and function of many body areas |
| homeostasis | the relative constancy of the internal environment |
| feed back loop | a highly complex and intergrated communication control network, classified as negative or positive; negitive feedback loops are the most important and numerous homeostatic control mechanisims |
| sensor | part of a homeostatic feedback loop thats detects (senses) changes in the physiological variable that is regulated by the feedback loop |
| control center | part of the homeostaticfeedback loop that integrates(puts together) setpoint (pre-prgrammed) information with actual sensed information about a physiological variable and then possibly sends out a signal to an effector to change the varible |
| effector | responding organ; for example, voluntary and involuntary muscle, the heart, and glands |
| negitive feed back loops | homeostatic control system in which information feeding back to the control center causes the level of a variable to be changed in the direction opposite to that of the initial stimulus |
| positive feed back loops | homeostatic control system in which information feeding back to the control center causes the level of a variable to be pushed further in the direction of the original deviation, causing an amplification of the original deviation, causing an ampification |
| (blank) | of the original stimulus; ordinarily this mechanism is used by the body to amplify a process and quickly finish it, as in laborcontractions and blood clotting |
| developmental process | chages and functions occuring during the early years (inprove efficiency) |
| aging process | changes and functions occuring after young adulthood(diminishes efficiency) |
Created by:
sharon fowlkes
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