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bios 252 midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is endomysium | Surrounds the muscle fiber |
| What is the epimysium | Outside layer of skeletal muscle |
| What is Perimysium | Surrounds muscle fascile |
| What is sarcoplasm | Fluid inside muscle cell (fiber) like cytoplasm |
| The blood vessels are located where | Perimysium |
| What releases Ca+ into muscle cell | Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| What do T Tubules do | Send message to SR to contract Signal to contract distributed quickly thru interior of muscle cell. These are the start of action potential. Narrow tubes continuous with sarcolemma & extend into sarcoplasm |
| What line is in the middle of the sarcomere | The M Line |
| What lines is a sarcomere between | Two Z lines |
| The thick filaments are in what band | The A band |
| The thin filaments are in what band | The I band |
| What makes the cross bridge with the Actin | Myosin Head |
| What covers the active sites of the actin molecule | Tropomyocin |
| What is Troponin | Attached to tropomyocin and consists of 3 globular subunits; Part of thin filament. One subunit binds to form a tropomyocin –troponin complex. |
| T or F – as muscle contracts the actin slides by myosin and the Z lines come closer together | True |
| What structure is only found at neuromuscular junctions | Junctional folds, increases surface area in muscle cell. |
| What is ATP needed for in the cross bridge process of striated muscles | Detach the cross bridges. ATP binds to myosin head, the link between active site on actin molecule and myosin head is broken |
| True or false- The optimal resting length of a sarcomere allows for maximal tension | True; optimal resting length produces maximal tension |
| What are the one period and 2 phases after stimulus | Latent period comes after stimulus then contraction phase then relaxation phase |
| What is an isotonic contraction | Tensions and rises and muscle length changes. Ie. You have enough tension to lift a heavy weight and hold it there |
| What is isometric contraction – | muscle as a whole does not change length and tension produced never exceeds resistance I.e. not being able to lift a weight at all no matter how hard you try |
| What is concentric contraction | Muscle tension exceeds resistance and muscle shortens |
| What is eccentric contration | Peak tension developed is less than the load and muscle elongates owing to the contraction of another muscle or pull of gravity (tug of war). |
| See question 15 | |
| What are functions of the muscular system | Provides movement, generates heat, protection, maintain body position/posture, support soft tissue, guard entrances & exits, nutrient storage |
| Do any muscles pull and push | No! Only pull |
| What is the definition of parallel as respects Fascicles | Fasicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle |
| What is a fusiform muscle | Spindle shaped muscles |
| What is a pennate muscle | Short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle |
| What is a convergent muscle | Fascicles converge from a broad origin to a single tendon insertion |
| What is a circular muscle | Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings |
| What is a first class lever system | Fulcrum is between load and effort |
| What is a 2nd class lever system | Load is between fulcrum and effort |
| What is a 3rd class lever system | Effort is between the fulcrum and the load |
| In the diaphragm picture the esophageal foramen is in what position | Lateral to the aortic foramen |
| What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm | Pubococcygeus, illiococcygeus & coccygeus (Pubococcygeus & illiococcygeus are also called the levator ani) |
| What position are the forearms and hands when in the anatomical position | Supinated |
| What muscles form the hamstring (back of thigh) | Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus |
| What muscles form the quadriceps (front of thigh) | Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis |
| The axon hillock is closest to the | Initial segment of the axon |
| True or false – grey matter is also surrounded by myelin | True |
| Does white matter have more or less myelin than grey matter | More myelin |
| What are astrocytes | Neuroglia in CNS that supports other neuronal tissue by regulating nutrients, stabilize to prevent injury |
| What are Oligodendrocytes | Form Myelin sheath |
| What is microglia | Migrates thru neural tissue acting like phagocytes destroying debris, waste & pathogens |
| True or false-At the normal resting potential, an electrical gradient opposes the chemical gradient for K+ | TRUE |
| True or false-At the normal resting potential, chemical and electrical gradients combine to drive Na+ out of the cells | False |
| What is the approximate resting potential in a typical neuron | 60-70 mV |
| True or false - The difference between an absolute refractory period and a relative refractory period is that in the relative refractory period an action potential cannot be generated no matter how large of a stimulus | False, this is absolute refractory. During the relative period, resting period closer so possible to start another AP |
| What causes depolarization of the adjacent portion of the axon membrane to threshold | Local currents |
| We need ____to enter the synaptic knob in order to trigger the exocytosis of acetylcholine | Ca++ |
| The postsynaptic membrane is permeable to ____once the acetylcholine binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane | Na + |
| What is the function of acetylcholinesterase | To remove the acetylcholine from the receptor and break the acetylcholine into choline and acetate. |
| What are some biogenic amine neurotransmitters | Histamine, serotonin |
| What are some amino acid neurotransmitters | GABA |
| What are some neuropeptide neurotransmitters | Endorphins, adenosine |
| What are some hormonal neurotransmitters | Oxytocin |
| What are some gas neurotransmitters | Nitric oxide |
| What is temporal summation | Is the addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession at a SINGLE synapse that is active REPEATEDLY |
| What is spatial summation | Occurs when simultaneous stimuli applied at different locations have a cumulative effect. This involves MULTIPLE SYNAPSES that are active SIMULTANEOUSLY |
| What is articular cartilage | Glassy smooth hyaline cartilage that covers opposing bones surfaces but provides spongy cushions to absorb compression placed on joint and keep bone from being crushed |
| What are ligaments | Helps prevent dislocation; Unite bones &prevent excessive/undesirable movement. more ligaments =stronger it is. Synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by ligaments. They are thickened parts of fibrous capsule found outside the capsule |
| What are muscle tendons | Resists tension placed on joints. Most important stabilizing factor of a joint is muscle tone. Tendons are kept taut by muscle tone. The tendon is built to withstand tension. |
| What is articular capsule | Strengthens joint so bones are not pulled apart. |
| What is Synovial fluid | Lubricates and keeps joints from overheating |
| What is a nonaxial range of movement (synovial joints) | slipping movements only |
| What is a Uniaxial range of movement (synovial joints) | movement in one plane |
| What is a Biaxial range of movement (synovial joints) | movement in two planes |
| What is a multiaxial range of movement (synovial joints) | Movement in or around all three planes |
| What are plane joints | Non-axial including sacroiliac, intercarpal joints, femoropatellar joint of the knee & proximal tibiofubular joint of knee. Articular surfaces are flat, short gliding or translational movments |
| What are condyloid joints | Bone fits into depression on another bone. Biaxial joints allows all angular movements such as flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction. Types are radiocarpal (wrist) and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) |
| What is hinge joint | Cylindrical projection fits into a trough shaped surface of another. Uniaxial. Elbow , knee and interphalangeal joints |
| What is pivot joint | Uniaxial; rounded end of one bone protrudes into sleeve of another bone. Only movement is uniaxial rotation. Example is atlas/axis (c1/c2) |
| What is a saddle joint | Resemble condyloid but greater movement. Shaped like a saddle. Carpometacarpal joints of thumbs. (lets twiddle our thumbs) |
| What is a ball & socket joint | Multiaxial. Spherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another. Examples are shoulder and hips |
| Knuckles | Condyloid |
| Sacroilliac joint | Plane |
| Intercarpal Joints | Plane |
| Femoropatellar joint of the knee | Plane |
| Hip & shoulder joints | Ball & socket |
| Radiocarpal | Condyloid (wrist) |
| Proximal tibiofibular joint | Plane |
| Carpometacarpal joint of thumb | Saddle |
| Elbow , knee and interphalangeal joints | Hinge |
| Joint between c1/c2 (atlas/axis) | Pivot |
| Uniaxial joints | pivot, hinge |
| Biaxial joints | Condyloid, (maybe saddle) |
| Multiaxial joints | Ball & socket |
| Nonaxial joints | Plane |
| What is synchondrosis | Immovable joints made of a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage such as epiphyseal plates and joint between coastal cartilage of first rib and Manubrium of sternum. |
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