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A&P 2 - E1 - P1
A&P 2 - Exam 1 - Part 1 - Anatomy, Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The heart lies in the ____________. | mediastinum |
| The heart lies behind the body of the ___________. | sternum |
| The heart lies between the points of attachment of which ribs? | 2 through 6 |
| How much of the heart's mass is to the left of the body midline? | two thirds |
| Posteriorly the heart rests on ____________. | thoracic vertebrae 5 through 8 |
| The _________ of the heart lies on the diaphragm, pointing to the left. | apex |
| The base of the heart lies below _______________. | the second rib |
| What is an important clinical aid in diagnosing heart disorders? | the boundaries of the heart |
| At birth the heart is __________ and appears __________ in proportion to the chest. | transverse, large |
| Between _______________________ the heart obtains its adult shape and weight. | puberty and 25 years of age |
| In adults, the heart resembles the shape of the _____________. | chest |
| What is the covering of the heart? | pericardium |
| What is the outermost layer of the pericardium, which is a tough loose fitting inextensible sac? | fibrous pericardium |
| What is the innermost layer of the pericardium which is divided further into two layers? | serous pericardium |
| The serous pericardium is divided into what two layers? | parietal and visceral layers |
| The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also know as what? | epicardium |
| _________________ separates the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium. | pericardial space filled with pericardial fluid |
| The function of the coverings of the heart is to provide protection against ______________. | friction |
| The wall of the heart is made up of what 3 layers? | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| What is the outer layer of the heart wall? | epicardium |
| What is the thick, contractile middle layer of the heart wall? | myocardium |
| What layer of the heart wall compresses the heart cavities and the blood within them with great force? | myocardium |
| What layer of the heart wall is the delicate inner layer of endothelial tissue? | endocardium |
| What kind of tissue makes up the endocardium? | endothelial |
| What are the atria also known as? | "the receiving chambers" |
| The atria receive blood from what? | veins |
| The atria alternately contract and relax to receive ___________ and then push it into the _____________. | blood, ventricles |
| What wall of the atria is not very thick, since little pressure is needed to move the blood such a small distance? | myocardium |
| What is an earlike flap protruding from each atrium? | auricle |
| The ventricles are also known as ______________. | "pumping chambers" |
| Ventricular myocardium is ________________ than atria myocardium, since great force must be generated to pump the blood a large distance. | thicker |
| The mycardium of the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle because it must _________________. | push blood much further |
| What are mechanical devices of the heart that permit the flow of blood in only one direction? | valves |
| What prevents blood from flowing back into the atria from the ventricles when the ventricles contract? | atrioventricular valves |
| Which valve guards the right atrioventricular orifice? | tricuspid |
| In the tricuspid valve, the free edges of the three flaps of endocardium are attached to ______________ by _____________. | papillary muscle by chordae tendineae |
| What is the left AV valve? | bicuspid/mitral valve |
| What are the half-moon shaped flaps separating the ventricles from the pulmonary artery and aorta? | semilunar valves |
| The pulmonary semilunar valve is at the entrance of the ______________. | pulmonary artery |
| The aortic semilunar valve is at the entrance of the ________________. | aorta |
| What is a set of connected rings that serve as a semirigid support for the heart valves and for the attachment of cardiac muscle of the myocardium? | skeleton of the heart |
| The skeleton of the heart serves as _________________ between the myocardium of the atria and ventriclea. | an electrical barrier |
| Myocardial cells receive blood from the ____________________. | right and left coronary arteries |
| The coronary arteries are the first branches to come off of the _____________. | aorta |
| Ventricles receive blood from branches of ___________________. | both the left and right coronary arteries |
| Each ventricle receives blood from a ____________ branch of the corresponding coronary artery. | small |
| To which ventricle does the most abundant supply of blood go? | left |
| In what percentage of hearts is the right coronary artery dominant? | 50% |
| In what percentage of hearts is the left coronary artery dominant? | 20% |
| In what percentage of hearts is neither coronary artery dominant? | 30% |
| Few _______________ exist between the larger branches of the coronary arteries. | anastomoses |
| As a rule ____________ follow a course that closely parallels that of ______________. | veins, coronary arteries |
| After going through ____________ blood enters the ______________ to drain into the _______________. | cardiac veins, coronary sinus, right atrium |
| Several veins of the blood supply system of the heart tissue drain directly into the _______________. | right atrium |
| What is the sinoatrial node (SA Node) also known as? | the pacemaker |
| What four structures comprise the conduction system of the heart? | sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, Purkinje fibers |
| Where is the sinoatrial node located? | cells in the right atrial wall near the opening of the superior vena cava |
| What is the atrioventricular node also known as? | node of Tawara |
| Where is the atrioventricular node located? | in the right atrium along the lower part of the interatrial septum |
| What is the atrioventricular bundle also known as? | bundle of His |
| Where does the atrioventricular bundle originate? | the atrioventricular node |
| The atrioventricular bundle extends by two branches down the two sides of the _____________________. | interventricular septum |
| Purkinje fibers extend out to the ________________ and lateral walls of the ventricles. | papillary muscles |
| What are made up of a combination of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers and are located near the arch of the aorta? | cardiac plexuses |
| What are cardiac plexuses made up of? | sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers |
| Where are cardiac plexuses located? | the arch of the aorta |
| How do fibers from the cardiac plexus enter the heart? | they accompany the left and right coronary arteries |
| Where do most cardiac plexus fibers end up? | sinoatrial node |
| Other than the sinoatrial node, where else can cardiac plexus fiber end up? | atrioventricular node and the atrial mycocardium |
| What are accelerator nerves known as? | sympathetic nerves |
| What are inhibitory or depressor nerves known as? | vagus fibers |
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