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A&P - Chap 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| energy | no mass, does not take up space, can be measured only by its effects on matter; the capacity to do work |
| chemical energy | energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances |
| adenosine triphosphate | ATP |
| electrical energy | the movement of charged particles |
| radiant (electromagnetic) energy | energy that travels in waves on the electromagnetic spectrum |
| isotope | have the same atomic number but vary in their mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons |
| radioisotopes | isotopes that perform radioactive decay |
| solutions | homogeneous mixtures of two or more components |
| solvent | substance present in the greatest quantity |
| solute | substance present in smaller amount |
| mole | an amount of substance equal to its atomic (molecular) weight |
| avogadro's number | 6.02 x 10^23 |
| colloids | heterogeneous mixtures that appear translucent or milky |
| sol-gel transformations | to change reversibly from a fluid to a more solid state |
| octet rule | except for shell 1, atoms interact where they must have 8 electrons in their valence shell |
| crystals | in absence of water, cations and anions are held together by ionic bonds |
| electronegativity | capability to attract electrons |
| electropositive | electron attracting ability is low and they usually lose their valence shell to other atoms |
| dipole | polar molecule |
| synthesis reaction | atoms or molecules combine to form a larger molecule |
| anabolic | constructive activities |
| catabolic | destructive activities |
| decomposition reaction | bonds are broken to form smaller particles |
| exchange/displacement reactions | include both decomp and synthesis reactions |
| oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions | hybrid reactions that can be classified as both decomp and exchange reactions |
| oxidized | the electron donor |
| reduced | electron acceptor |
| exergonic | energy releasing |
| endergonic | energy absorbing |
| catalyst | substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions |
| enzymes | biological catalysts |
| organic compounds | contain carbon |
| hydrolysis reactions | breakdown by water |
| dehydration synthesis | water is removed from every chemical bond |
| electrolytes | substances that conduct current in solution |
| acid | releases hydrogen ions (H+) |
| base | take hydrogen ions (H+), releases (OH-) |
| carbohydrate | includes sugars and starches |
| monosaccharide | one sugar |
| disaccharide | two sugar |
| polysaccharide | multiple sugar |
| polymer | many polysaccharides |
| triglycerides, triacylglycerols | neutral fats |
| saturated fats | have single carbon bonds, solid |
| unsaturated fats | have double or triple bonds, liquid at room temperature |
| steroids | have hydrocarbon rings instead of chains |
| fibrous proteins | structural proteins |
| globular proteins | functional proteins (ex: enzymes) |
| cofactor | needed by enzyme to carry out a certain function |
| substrate | substance in which enzyme must bind on |
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ngrable
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