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Questions I created from notes
Question | Answer |
---|---|
The study of structure | Anatomy |
Gross anatomy and macrosopic anatomy can be seen with? | The eye |
The study of function | Physiology |
What is regional anatomy? | All the structures in one region |
What is systemic anatomy? | Body structure system by system |
What is cystology | the study of cells |
What is histology | study of tissues |
What traces structural changes throught life? | Developmental anatomy |
What is embryology | study of developmental changed of the body before birth |
studies structural changes caused by disease | pathological anatomy |
studies internal structures as visualized by xray images | radiographic anatomy |
structure of biological molecules (chemical substances) | molecular biology |
concerns kidney function and urine procution | renal physiology |
explains the working of the nervous system | neurophysiology |
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels | cardiovascualr physiology |
focuses on the function of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level | physiology |
Principle of complementarity of structure & function | -function always reflects structure -structure dictates (what it can do depends on its form) |
molecules are made up of atoms | chemical |
cells are made of molecules | cellular |
consists of similar types of cell | tissue |
made up of different types of tissue | organ |
consists of different organs that work closely together | organ system |
made up of the organ systems | organismal |
needed for energy and cell building | nutrients |
necessary for metabolic reactions | oxygen |
procvides the necessary environment for chemical reactions | water |
necessary for chemical reacations to occur at life sustaining rates | normal body temp |
required for proper breathing and gas exchange | atmospheric pressure |
ability to to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an everchanging outside world | homeostasis |
the internal environment of the body is in | dynamic state of equilibrium |
produce a change in the body | variables |
what are the 3 interdependent components of control mechanisms | receptor, control center, effector |
monitors the environment and responds to change (stimuli) | receptor |
determines the set point at which the variable is maintained | control center |
provides the means to respond to stimuli | effector |
The output enchanses or exaggerates the original stimulus (ex regulation of blood clotting or having a baby) | Positive feedback |
output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces intensity | Negative feedback |
Disturbance of homeostasis or the bodys normal equilibrium | homeostatic imbalance |
homeostatic imbalance often leads to what | disease |
anything that has mass or takes up space (the "stuff" of the universe | matter |
has definate shape and volume | solid |
has definate volume, changeable shape | liquid |
has changeable shape and voulme | gas |
unique susbastances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means | elements |
identical building blocks for each element | atoms |
one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element | atomic symbol |
What are the major elements of the human body | O, C, H, & N |
where is a proton located, what is its mass, and charge | located in nucleus, mass 1 amu, charge + |
where is a nutron located, what is its mass, and charge | located in nucleus, mass 1 amu, charge 0 |
where is the electron located, what is its mass, and charge | located in an electron cloud, mass 0 amu, charge is - |
What does atomic number tell you | number of protons |
What does mass number tell you | the sum of the protons and neutrons |
what does the atomic weight tell you | average of the mass numbers of all isotopes |
Electron shells or energy level | surround the nucleus of an atom |
valence shell | outermost energy level containing chemically active electrons |
octet rule | atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell |
inert elemets have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons | chemically inert elements |
reactive elements do not have 8 electrons in their valence shell | chemically reactive elements |
Ions are charged atoms resulting fromt he gain or loss of what | an electron |
Anions have what charge | negative |
cations have what charge | positive |
What do ionic compounds form | crystals |
covalent bonds are formed by sharing what | two or more electrons |
electron sharing forms what | molecules |
electrons shared equally between atoms produce what | nonpolar molecules |
what type of bonds are too weak to bind molecules together, responsibe for surface tension in water, and give molecules their 3D shape | hydrogen bonds |
Occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken | chemical reaction |
chemical equations contain what | number and type of reacting substances, and products produced |
synthesis reactions always involve what? | bond formation |
molecules are broken down into smaller molecules | decomposition reactions |
bonds are both made and broken in what type of reaction | exchange reactions |
Reactants losing electrons are electron donors and are ? | oxidized |
reactants taking up electrons are electron accepters and become? | reduced |
reactions that release energy | exergonic reactions |
reactions whose products contain more potential energy than did its reactants | endergonic reactions |
all chemical reactions are_________ | reversible |
if neither a forward nor reverse reaction is dominate chemical_________________ is reached | equilibrium |
What factors infuence the rate of chemical reactions | temperature, particle size, and concentration, catalysts, and enzymes |
What are the properties of water | high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning |
has a sour taste, can disolve metal, and burn a hole in a rug | acid |
has a bitter taste, and feels slippery | base |
what is the ph of an acid | anything below 7 |
what is the ph of a base | anything above 7 |
what is the ph of somehting that is neutral | 7 |
what is a buffer | system that resists change in ph |
the carbonic acid bicarbonate system is | a major buffer |
organic compounds contain what | carbon (examples of organic compunds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
inorganic compounds lack what | they lack carbon (examples of inorganic compunds are water, salts, acids & bases) |
what is the major fuction of carbohydrates | they are cellular food (supply energy or fuel for the cells) |
what is a neutral fat compsed of | 3 fatty acid chains and a glycerol molecule |
what do phospholipds form | cell membranes |
What is the cell theory | the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life |
anything that has mass or takes up space (the "stuff" of the universe | matter |
has definate shape and volume | solid |
has definate volume, changeable shape | liquid |
has changeable shape and voulme | gas |
unique susbastances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means | elements |
identical building blocks for each element | atoms |
one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element | atomic symbol |
What are the major elements of the human body | O, C, H, & N |
where is a proton located, what is its mass, and charge | located in nucleus, mass 1 amu, charge + |
where is a nutron located, what is its mass, and charge | located in nucleus, mass 1 amu, charge 0 |
where is the electron located, what is its mass, and charge | located in an electron cloud, mass 0 amu, charge is - |
What does atomic number tell you | number of protons |
What does mass number tell you | the sum of the protons and neutrons |
what does the atomic weight tell you | average of the mass numbers of all isotopes |
Electron shells or energy level | surround the nucleus of an atom |
valence shell | outermost energy level containing chemically active electrons |
octet rule | atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell |
inert elemets have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons | chemically inert elements |
reactive elements do not have 8 electrons in their valence shell | chemically reactive elements |
Ions are charged atoms resulting fromt he gain or loss of what | an electron |
Anions have what charge | negative |
cations have what charge | positive |
What do ionic compounds form | crystals |
covalent bonds are formed by sharing what | two or more electrons |
electron sharing forms what | molecules |
electrons shared equally between atoms produce what | nonpolar molecules |
what type of bonds are too weak to bind molecules together, responsibe for surface tension in water, and give molecules their 3D shape | hydrogen bonds |
Occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken | chemical reaction |
chemical equations contain what | number and type of reacting substances, and products produced |
synthesis reactions always involve what? | bond formation |
molecules are broken down into smaller molecules | decomposition reactions |
bonds are both made and broken in what type of reaction | exchange reactions |
Reactants losing electrons are electron donors and are ? | oxidized |
reactants taking up electrons are electron accepters and become? | reduced |
reactions that release energy | exergonic reactions |
reactions whose products contain more potential energy than did its reactants | endergonic reactions |
all chemical reactions are_________ | reversible |
if neither a forward nor reverse reaction is dominate chemical_________________ is reached | equilibrium |
What factors infuence the rate of chemical reactions | temperature, particle size, and concentration, catalysts, and enzymes |
What are the properties of water | high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning |
has a sour taste, can disolve metal, and burn a hole in a rug | acid |
has a bitter taste, and feels slippery | base |
what is the ph of an acid | anything below 7 |
what is the ph of a base | anything above 7 |
what is the ph of somehting that is neutral | 7 |
what is a buffer | system that resists change in ph |
the carbonic acid bicarbonate system is | a major buffer |
organic compounds contain what | carbon (examples of organic compunds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
inorganic compounds lack what | they lack carbon (examples of inorganic compunds are water, salts, acids & bases) |
what is the major fuction of carbohydrates | they are cellular food (supply energy or fuel for the cells) |
what is a neutral fat compsed of | 3 fatty acid chains and a glycerol molecule |
what do phospholipds form | cell membranes |
What is the cell theory | the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, orgasimal activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells, continuity of life has a cellular basis |
What seperates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids | plasma membrane |
what is the plasma membrane made of | phospolipids |
Phospholipds are both _______________&__________ | hydrophobic and hydrolific |
Phospholipids form bilayers which are ________________ | selectivly permiable |
What do proteins do? | transport, send signals, cell cell recognition, join cells, and anchor cells |
dumps things out of a cell | exocytosis |
brings things into a cell | endocytosis |
tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to lower concentration | diffusion |
simple diffusion | nonpolar and lipid soluble substance diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer |
molecules move through the membrane by passive trasport | facilitated diffusion |
intergral transmembrane proteins | carrier proteins |
osmosis | diffusion of water across a membrane |
osmosis occurs when the concentration of water is ______________ on opposite sides of a membrane | different |
passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure | filtration |
osmosis and filtration are _____________ transport | passive |
uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane and requires carrier proteins | active transport |
two transported substances are moved in the same direction | symport system |
transported substances "wave to each other" as they cross the membrane in opposite directions | antiport system |
protein uses ATP energy to change conformation | Primary active transport |
use of an exchange pump to indirectly drive the trasport of other solutes | secondary active transport |
exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis, vesicular trafficking, and phagocytosis are examples of | vesicular transport |
moving substances into, across, or out of a cell | transcytosis |
moving substances from one area (or organelle) in the cell to another | vesicular trafficing |
type of endocytosis in which the cell encuglfs some relatively large or solid material such as a clump of bacteria, cell debris, or inantimate particles | phagocytosis |
cellular material between the plasma membrane and nucleus | cytoplasm |
largly water (proteins, salts, sugars, and other solutes) | cytosol |
metabolic machinery of the cell | organelles |
threadlike or lozenge shaped membraneous orgnelles "power house" of the cell | mitochondria |
mitochondria proved most of the cells _____________ via aerobic cellular respiration | ATP |
ribosomes are composed of ? | protein & RNA |
free ribosomes make soluble proteins that function in _______________ | cytosol |
________________ make proteins for membranes | bound ribosomes |
system of organelles that function to produce, store and export biological molecules & degrade harmful substances | endomembrane system |
What system includes the nuclear envelope, smooth and rough er, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane | endomembrane system |
Interconnecteed tubes and membranes, continuous with the nuclear membrane | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
What are the two types of ER | smooth and rough |
What does rough ER do | makes all secreted proteins, membrane proteins, and phospholipids |
What does smooth ER do | catalyze reactions in various organs in the body |
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus | traffic director |
Golgi apparatus functions in ________________ | cellular proteins |
sacs with digestive enzymes | lysosomes |
membraneous sacs containiing a variety of powerful enzymes, detoxify | peroxisomes |
what is the cytoskeleton | the skeleton of the cell consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
certriols organize ________________ | mitotic spindle |
whiplike motile extension that move things across cell surfaces | cilia |
what is the control center "brain" of a cell | nucleus |
surrounds nucleus Outer memberane is continuous with rough ER and has ribosomes | nuclear envelope |
site of ribosome production | nucleolus |
what makes proteins | ribosome |
threadlike strands of DNA and histones | chromatin |
DNA serves as the master blueprint for _______________ | protein synthesis |
segments of DNA carying instructinos for a protein are | genes |
copying DNA | replication |
copying DNA to RNA | transcription |
RNA to protein | translation |
DNA and RNA are the same except in what way | RNA uses U instead of T |
takes message from nucleus to ribosome | mRNA |
binds amino acids and brings them to mRNA | tRNA |
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