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Questions I created from notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of structure | Anatomy |
| Gross anatomy and macrosopic anatomy can be seen with? | The eye |
| The study of function | Physiology |
| What is regional anatomy? | All the structures in one region |
| What is systemic anatomy? | Body structure system by system |
| What is cystology | the study of cells |
| What is histology | study of tissues |
| What traces structural changes throught life? | Developmental anatomy |
| What is embryology | study of developmental changed of the body before birth |
| studies structural changes caused by disease | pathological anatomy |
| studies internal structures as visualized by xray images | radiographic anatomy |
| structure of biological molecules (chemical substances) | molecular biology |
| concerns kidney function and urine procution | renal physiology |
| explains the working of the nervous system | neurophysiology |
| examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels | cardiovascualr physiology |
| focuses on the function of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level | physiology |
| Principle of complementarity of structure & function | -function always reflects structure -structure dictates (what it can do depends on its form) |
| molecules are made up of atoms | chemical |
| cells are made of molecules | cellular |
| consists of similar types of cell | tissue |
| made up of different types of tissue | organ |
| consists of different organs that work closely together | organ system |
| made up of the organ systems | organismal |
| needed for energy and cell building | nutrients |
| necessary for metabolic reactions | oxygen |
| procvides the necessary environment for chemical reactions | water |
| necessary for chemical reacations to occur at life sustaining rates | normal body temp |
| required for proper breathing and gas exchange | atmospheric pressure |
| ability to to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an everchanging outside world | homeostasis |
| the internal environment of the body is in | dynamic state of equilibrium |
| produce a change in the body | variables |
| what are the 3 interdependent components of control mechanisms | receptor, control center, effector |
| monitors the environment and responds to change (stimuli) | receptor |
| determines the set point at which the variable is maintained | control center |
| provides the means to respond to stimuli | effector |
| The output enchanses or exaggerates the original stimulus (ex regulation of blood clotting or having a baby) | Positive feedback |
| output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces intensity | Negative feedback |
| Disturbance of homeostasis or the bodys normal equilibrium | homeostatic imbalance |
| homeostatic imbalance often leads to what | disease |
| anything that has mass or takes up space (the "stuff" of the universe | matter |
| has definate shape and volume | solid |
| has definate volume, changeable shape | liquid |
| has changeable shape and voulme | gas |
| unique susbastances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means | elements |
| identical building blocks for each element | atoms |
| one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element | atomic symbol |
| What are the major elements of the human body | O, C, H, & N |
| where is a proton located, what is its mass, and charge | located in nucleus, mass 1 amu, charge + |
| where is a nutron located, what is its mass, and charge | located in nucleus, mass 1 amu, charge 0 |
| where is the electron located, what is its mass, and charge | located in an electron cloud, mass 0 amu, charge is - |
| What does atomic number tell you | number of protons |
| What does mass number tell you | the sum of the protons and neutrons |
| what does the atomic weight tell you | average of the mass numbers of all isotopes |
| Electron shells or energy level | surround the nucleus of an atom |
| valence shell | outermost energy level containing chemically active electrons |
| octet rule | atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell |
| inert elemets have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons | chemically inert elements |
| reactive elements do not have 8 electrons in their valence shell | chemically reactive elements |
| Ions are charged atoms resulting fromt he gain or loss of what | an electron |
| Anions have what charge | negative |
| cations have what charge | positive |
| What do ionic compounds form | crystals |
| covalent bonds are formed by sharing what | two or more electrons |
| electron sharing forms what | molecules |
| electrons shared equally between atoms produce what | nonpolar molecules |
| what type of bonds are too weak to bind molecules together, responsibe for surface tension in water, and give molecules their 3D shape | hydrogen bonds |
| Occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken | chemical reaction |
| chemical equations contain what | number and type of reacting substances, and products produced |
| synthesis reactions always involve what? | bond formation |
| molecules are broken down into smaller molecules | decomposition reactions |
| bonds are both made and broken in what type of reaction | exchange reactions |
| Reactants losing electrons are electron donors and are ? | oxidized |
| reactants taking up electrons are electron accepters and become? | reduced |
| reactions that release energy | exergonic reactions |
| reactions whose products contain more potential energy than did its reactants | endergonic reactions |
| all chemical reactions are_________ | reversible |
| if neither a forward nor reverse reaction is dominate chemical_________________ is reached | equilibrium |
| What factors infuence the rate of chemical reactions | temperature, particle size, and concentration, catalysts, and enzymes |
| What are the properties of water | high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning |
| has a sour taste, can disolve metal, and burn a hole in a rug | acid |
| has a bitter taste, and feels slippery | base |
| what is the ph of an acid | anything below 7 |
| what is the ph of a base | anything above 7 |
| what is the ph of somehting that is neutral | 7 |
| what is a buffer | system that resists change in ph |
| the carbonic acid bicarbonate system is | a major buffer |
| organic compounds contain what | carbon (examples of organic compunds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| inorganic compounds lack what | they lack carbon (examples of inorganic compunds are water, salts, acids & bases) |
| what is the major fuction of carbohydrates | they are cellular food (supply energy or fuel for the cells) |
| what is a neutral fat compsed of | 3 fatty acid chains and a glycerol molecule |
| what do phospholipds form | cell membranes |
| What is the cell theory | the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life |
| anything that has mass or takes up space (the "stuff" of the universe | matter |
| has definate shape and volume | solid |
| has definate volume, changeable shape | liquid |
| has changeable shape and voulme | gas |
| unique susbastances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means | elements |
| identical building blocks for each element | atoms |
| one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element | atomic symbol |
| What are the major elements of the human body | O, C, H, & N |
| where is a proton located, what is its mass, and charge | located in nucleus, mass 1 amu, charge + |
| where is a nutron located, what is its mass, and charge | located in nucleus, mass 1 amu, charge 0 |
| where is the electron located, what is its mass, and charge | located in an electron cloud, mass 0 amu, charge is - |
| What does atomic number tell you | number of protons |
| What does mass number tell you | the sum of the protons and neutrons |
| what does the atomic weight tell you | average of the mass numbers of all isotopes |
| Electron shells or energy level | surround the nucleus of an atom |
| valence shell | outermost energy level containing chemically active electrons |
| octet rule | atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell |
| inert elemets have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons | chemically inert elements |
| reactive elements do not have 8 electrons in their valence shell | chemically reactive elements |
| Ions are charged atoms resulting fromt he gain or loss of what | an electron |
| Anions have what charge | negative |
| cations have what charge | positive |
| What do ionic compounds form | crystals |
| covalent bonds are formed by sharing what | two or more electrons |
| electron sharing forms what | molecules |
| electrons shared equally between atoms produce what | nonpolar molecules |
| what type of bonds are too weak to bind molecules together, responsibe for surface tension in water, and give molecules their 3D shape | hydrogen bonds |
| Occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken | chemical reaction |
| chemical equations contain what | number and type of reacting substances, and products produced |
| synthesis reactions always involve what? | bond formation |
| molecules are broken down into smaller molecules | decomposition reactions |
| bonds are both made and broken in what type of reaction | exchange reactions |
| Reactants losing electrons are electron donors and are ? | oxidized |
| reactants taking up electrons are electron accepters and become? | reduced |
| reactions that release energy | exergonic reactions |
| reactions whose products contain more potential energy than did its reactants | endergonic reactions |
| all chemical reactions are_________ | reversible |
| if neither a forward nor reverse reaction is dominate chemical_________________ is reached | equilibrium |
| What factors infuence the rate of chemical reactions | temperature, particle size, and concentration, catalysts, and enzymes |
| What are the properties of water | high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning |
| has a sour taste, can disolve metal, and burn a hole in a rug | acid |
| has a bitter taste, and feels slippery | base |
| what is the ph of an acid | anything below 7 |
| what is the ph of a base | anything above 7 |
| what is the ph of somehting that is neutral | 7 |
| what is a buffer | system that resists change in ph |
| the carbonic acid bicarbonate system is | a major buffer |
| organic compounds contain what | carbon (examples of organic compunds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| inorganic compounds lack what | they lack carbon (examples of inorganic compunds are water, salts, acids & bases) |
| what is the major fuction of carbohydrates | they are cellular food (supply energy or fuel for the cells) |
| what is a neutral fat compsed of | 3 fatty acid chains and a glycerol molecule |
| what do phospholipds form | cell membranes |
| What is the cell theory | the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, orgasimal activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells, continuity of life has a cellular basis |
| What seperates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids | plasma membrane |
| what is the plasma membrane made of | phospolipids |
| Phospholipds are both _______________&__________ | hydrophobic and hydrolific |
| Phospholipids form bilayers which are ________________ | selectivly permiable |
| What do proteins do? | transport, send signals, cell cell recognition, join cells, and anchor cells |
| dumps things out of a cell | exocytosis |
| brings things into a cell | endocytosis |
| tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to lower concentration | diffusion |
| simple diffusion | nonpolar and lipid soluble substance diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer |
| molecules move through the membrane by passive trasport | facilitated diffusion |
| intergral transmembrane proteins | carrier proteins |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a membrane |
| osmosis occurs when the concentration of water is ______________ on opposite sides of a membrane | different |
| passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure | filtration |
| osmosis and filtration are _____________ transport | passive |
| uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane and requires carrier proteins | active transport |
| two transported substances are moved in the same direction | symport system |
| transported substances "wave to each other" as they cross the membrane in opposite directions | antiport system |
| protein uses ATP energy to change conformation | Primary active transport |
| use of an exchange pump to indirectly drive the trasport of other solutes | secondary active transport |
| exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis, vesicular trafficking, and phagocytosis are examples of | vesicular transport |
| moving substances into, across, or out of a cell | transcytosis |
| moving substances from one area (or organelle) in the cell to another | vesicular trafficing |
| type of endocytosis in which the cell encuglfs some relatively large or solid material such as a clump of bacteria, cell debris, or inantimate particles | phagocytosis |
| cellular material between the plasma membrane and nucleus | cytoplasm |
| largly water (proteins, salts, sugars, and other solutes) | cytosol |
| metabolic machinery of the cell | organelles |
| threadlike or lozenge shaped membraneous orgnelles "power house" of the cell | mitochondria |
| mitochondria proved most of the cells _____________ via aerobic cellular respiration | ATP |
| ribosomes are composed of ? | protein & RNA |
| free ribosomes make soluble proteins that function in _______________ | cytosol |
| ________________ make proteins for membranes | bound ribosomes |
| system of organelles that function to produce, store and export biological molecules & degrade harmful substances | endomembrane system |
| What system includes the nuclear envelope, smooth and rough er, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane | endomembrane system |
| Interconnecteed tubes and membranes, continuous with the nuclear membrane | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
| What are the two types of ER | smooth and rough |
| What does rough ER do | makes all secreted proteins, membrane proteins, and phospholipids |
| What does smooth ER do | catalyze reactions in various organs in the body |
| What is the role of the Golgi apparatus | traffic director |
| Golgi apparatus functions in ________________ | cellular proteins |
| sacs with digestive enzymes | lysosomes |
| membraneous sacs containiing a variety of powerful enzymes, detoxify | peroxisomes |
| what is the cytoskeleton | the skeleton of the cell consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| certriols organize ________________ | mitotic spindle |
| whiplike motile extension that move things across cell surfaces | cilia |
| what is the control center "brain" of a cell | nucleus |
| surrounds nucleus Outer memberane is continuous with rough ER and has ribosomes | nuclear envelope |
| site of ribosome production | nucleolus |
| what makes proteins | ribosome |
| threadlike strands of DNA and histones | chromatin |
| DNA serves as the master blueprint for _______________ | protein synthesis |
| segments of DNA carying instructinos for a protein are | genes |
| copying DNA | replication |
| copying DNA to RNA | transcription |
| RNA to protein | translation |
| DNA and RNA are the same except in what way | RNA uses U instead of T |
| takes message from nucleus to ribosome | mRNA |
| binds amino acids and brings them to mRNA | tRNA |
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