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Endocrine
MEDSCI 142
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nervous system *two types* | *PNS= Peripheral nervous system *CNS=Central nervous system |
| PNS | *Peripheral Nervous system -cranial & spinal nerves -ganglia |
| CNS | *Central Nervous System -Brain -Spinal cord |
| Sensory | -Afferent neurons -in |
| Motor | -Efferent Neurons -out (1)Somatic (2)Autonomic |
| Somatic | -motor -voluntary -skeletal muscle |
| Autonomic | -motor -involuntary -para/sympathetic -cardiac muscle -smooth muscle -glands |
| Alarm responce (immediate action) | INCREASED: HR,BP,Bsugar,water retention, sweating. DECREASED: digestion, salivation DILATION:pupils, bronchi. *vasoconstriction |
| Relaxation (maintenance) | -INCREASED: digestion, salivation -DECREASED: HR -CONSTRICTION: pupils, bronchi -vaso dilation |
| Relaxation (maintenance) | -INCREASED: digestion, salivation -DECREASED: HR -CONSTRICTION: pupils, bronchi -vaso dilation |
| Stress response | -sympathetic activation -mobilise resources for action -glucose & O2 consumption -reduce tissue damage -ward off danger OR flee |
| 2 STAGES of stress response | (1)alarm (2)resistance |
| (1)alarm | -immediate -sym activation -adrenal medulla sustains>epinephrine>norepinephrine |
| (2)resistance | -slower, longer lasting -hypothal,pit.,andrenal cortex -cortisol production |
| ANS | -autonomic nervous system -involuntary -limbic,hypothal.,s.cord -2 neuron pathways |
| ANS pathways | spinalcord--(pre-ganglionic myelinated neuron)-->autonomic ganglion--(postganglionic non-myelinated ganglion)-->Effectors |
| Effectors | ACh=for parasymp to sweat glands Norepinephrine=all other symp fibres |
| Raynaud's | -excessive symp stim -emotional stress -exposure to cold -chronic vasoconstriction -ischemia(lack of blood in hands and feet) |
| Hormone types | -circulating -local |
| Circulating hormones | -to receptors -via blood -on distant target cells |
| Local hormones (2TYPES) | -PARACRINE: receptors on nearby target cells -AUTOCRINE: same cell |
| Effectors | ACh=for parasymp to sweat glands Norepinephrine=all other symp fibres |
| Raynaud's | -excessive symp stim -emotional stress -exposure to cold -chronic vasoconstriction -ischemia(lack of blood in hands and feet) |
| Hormone types | -circulating -local |
| Circulating hormones | -to receptors -via blood -on distant target cells |
| Local hormones (2TYPES) | -PARACRINE: receptors on nearby target cells -AUTOCRINE: same cell |
| Cholera: toxin | -permanently activates Gprotein -high cAMP -pumps Cl- into intestines with water chronic diarrhoea |
| Lipid soluble Hormones | -needs solution transporter -diffuse into cell -activates receptors on nucleus -alters gene expression -new proteins alter cell activity |
| Water soluble Hormones | -no carrier -binds to receptors on cell surface -activate Gprotein>adenyl cyclase -ATP converted to cAMP -acivates kinases -P enzymes -catalyse reactions producing physiological responses |
| Hypothalamus-pituitary axis | -hypo=8hormones releasing & inhibiting control pituitary -together regualte growth development, metabolism ,homeostasis |
| Enhancing alarms response | -releasing norepinephrine & epinephrine into blood stream |
| Adrenal gland MEDULLA | -STIMULATED:Ach from preganglionic nuerons -RELEASES: Norepinephrine, Epipinephrine -ACTION: enhance symp ANS alarm responce |
| Adrenal gland CORTEX stimulation 1 | -STIMULATED: increase in K+ -releases corticoids (aldosterone) -ACTION: incr blood Na+ & water, decr. K+}incr blood vol & pressure |
| Adrenal gland CORTEX stimulated 2 | -STIMULATED: Ach from pituitary |
| Adrenal gland CORTEX stimulation 1 | -STIMULATED: increase in K+ -releases mineralo corticoids (aldosterone) -ACTION: incr blood Na+ & water, decr. K+}incr blood vol & pressure |
| Adrenal gland CORTEX stimulated 2 | -STIMULATED: ACTL from pituitary -RELEASES:glucocosorticoids (cortisol) -ACTION: resistance to stress reaction, dampens inflammation &immun response |
| Actions of cortisol (seven) | (1)Protein breakdown (2)Gucloneogenesis (3)Lipolysis (4)Stress resistance (4)Vasoconstriction (5)Anti-inflammatory (6)Immune depression |
| (1)protein Breakdown | -in muscle fibres -AAs-->blood -used for synthesis of proteins & ATP production |
| (2)Gluconeogenesis | -liver cells -AAs/lactic acid-->glucose -used for ATP production |
| (3)lipolysis | -breakdown of triglycerides -&fatty acids from adipose into blood |
| (4)stress resistance | -increased ATP & glucose combats stresses e.g. bleeding, trauma, infection, disease, temp extremes, fasting |
| (5)vasocontrition | -leads to rise in BP |
| (6)Anti-inflammatory | -limits WBC to tissue -retards tissue repair & wound healing |
| (7)Immune Depression | -increased susceptibility to infection |
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