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Cardiovascular Sys 1
Diseases of the cardiovascular system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| AP stands for? | Angina pecteris |
| Angina pecteris is characterized by? | thoracodynia (chest pain) |
| Angina pecteris is characterized by thoracodynia resulting from? | myocardial ischemia |
| myocardial ischemia stands for? | starvation of oxygen |
| The myocardial ischemia is commonly caused by? | CAD (coronary artery disease) |
| CAD is AKA CHD which stands for? | coronary heart disease |
| coronary heart disease causes? | stenosis (narrowing) |
| The stenosis is caused by? | atherosclerosis |
| atherosclerosis is? | fatty plaque that forms the lumen of the coronary arteries. |
| The lumen is the? | inside diameter of the artery. |
| The purpose of the coronary arteries is to? | feed oxygenated blood to the myocardium (muscle layer of the heart). |
| When an embolus (floating clot) occludes (obstructs) a coronary artery, the resulting injury is called a? | MI (myocardial infarction) |
| A MI(myocardial infarction) is commonly called a? | "heart attack" or "coronary" |
| Heart disease is the? | #1 killer of the US. |
| Initially, the starvation of oxygenated blood to the myocardium called? | myocardial ischemia |
| If the starvation is not corrected, death can occur to the myocardium called? | myocardial necrosis |
| Dx(diagnosis) of a MI (myocardial infarction) is by? | 1. EKG or ECG (electrocardiogram) 2. CPK-MB (cardiac isoenzymes) |
| 1 st risk factor of CAD (coronary artery disease) is? | 1. Heredity |
| Second risk factor for CAD (coronary artery disease) is? | 2. Smoking |
| Third risk factor for CAD (coronary artery disease) is? | High fat diet (cholesterol, LDL (low density liproproteins and triglycerides. |
| Fourth risk factor for CAD (coronary artery disease) is? | Sedentary life style (obesity) > 40 inch waist for men > 35 inch waist for women |
| Fifth risk factor for CAD (coronary artery disease) is? | over age 35 |
| Sixth risk factor for CAD is? | poorly controlled stress |
| Seventh risk factor for CAD is? | HTN (hypertension) |
| Eighth risk factor for CAD is? | DM (diabetes mellitus) |
| Ninth risk factor for CAD is? | Elevated CRP (c-reative protein) |
| 1st Tx (treatment) for CAD is? | Stop smoking |
| 2nd Tx (treatment) for CAD is? | Lower saturated fat in diet and increase HDL (omega - 3 fatty acids) |
| 3rd Tx (treatment) for CAD is? | Regular exercise |
| 4th TX for for CAD is? | antianginal drugs (coronary vasoconstriction) |
| 5th TX for CAD is? | antihyperlipidemic (excessive fat in the blood) drugs |
| Thrombolytics (tPA) are designed to? | break up thrombi (clots) that have occluded (obstructed) one or more coronary arteries. |
| Anticoagulants designed to? | prevent new thrombi from forming |
| PTCA which stands for? | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) "balloon angioplasty" |
| Coronary stents which are devices that? | prevent closure after an angioplasty |
| CABG which stands for? | coronary artery bypass grafts |
| CABG commonly uses grafts harvested from the? | saphenous veins or mammary arteries and used to bypass the stenosed. (narrowed) or occluded (obstructed) |
| Types of CABG include? | double, triple, quadruple, or quintuple bypasses |
| EECP which stands for? | enhanced external counter pulsation |
| EECP uses? | inflatable cuffs on the lower extremities inflating and deflating in rhythm with the heart to increase oxygenated blood flow to the coronary arteries and stimulate development of collateral blood vessels. |
| 1st Common signs and symptoms of a MI or AP include? | 1. Thoracodynia (chest pain) located midsternal,and/or substernal and/or retrosternal. |
| The pain is commonly described as a? | crushing pressure (men) |
| The pain can radiate to the? | left and/or right arm, shoulders, neck, and/or jaw (women) |
| 2nd common signs and symptoms of an MI or AP include? | dyspnea (difficulty breathing) AKA (SOB) shortness of breath |
| 3rd common signs and symptoms of MI or AP includes? | Pallor (paleness) |
| 4th signs and symptoms of MI or AP include? | N + V (nausea and vomiting) |
| 5th common sign and symptom of MI and AP include? | diaphoresis (profuse sweatiness) |
| 6th common sign and symptoms of MI and AP include? | Weakness |
| 7th common sign and symptoms of MI and AP include? | syncope (fainting) |
| There can be any combination of signs and symptoms or the victim my be? | asymptomatic (no symptoms) |
| An asymptomatic MI is AKA? | "silent MI" |
| A "silent MI" is the most dangerous because the victim has no reason to? | seek help. |
| Most MIs occur on? | Monday |
| MIs have been linked to? | binge drinking |
| The best chance of surviving a MI depends on whether the infarct is resolved with? | 90 minutes |
| CAD can also be reduced by? | 1. drinking tea daily (flavanoids) |
| CAD can also be reduced by? | 2. Getting 300 mcg of folate/day (tomatoes,citrus, leafy greens, beans, grains) |
| CHF (congestive heart failure) is caused by? | "weak pump" |
| Causes of CHF include? | 1. MI's (myocardial infractions) |
| Another cause of CHF? | 2. Myocardial atrophy from a sedentary life style (obesity) |
| Another cause of CHF? | 3. Valvular disease |
| Another cause of CHF? | 4. Chronic HTN (hypertension) |
| Right sided CHF can cause? | A. pedal (feet and ankles) edema B. neck and vein distention C. Hepatomegly (enlargement of the liver) |
| Left sided CHF can cause? | dyspnea (difficulty breathing) or DOE (dyspnea on exertion) from pulmonary edema (fluid) |
| Treatment for CHF includes? | 1. Decrease Na (sodium) intake 2. Lanoxin (digoxin) 3. Diuretics (Lasix) |
| Mitral stenosis occurs when the? | bicuspid valve is narrow and the cusps become rigid and fuse together. |
| The congested blood flow can cause? | pulmonary edema, cyanosis (blue)and thrombus (clot) formation. |
| Tx for mitral stenosis includes? | valvuloplasty (surgical repair of the valve) |
| RHD stands for? | rheumatic heart disease |
| RF stands for? | rheumatic fever |
| RHD is a sequela (after math) of RF and cause a? | mitral stenosis |
| RF is an? | autoimmune disease that occurs 1-6 weeks following a Group A streptococcal infection. |
| Signs and symptoms of RF include? | 1. pyrexia (fever) arthritis, and sometimes a rash. |
| RF and RHD can be prevented by prompt treatment of a streptococcal infection with? | antibiotics |
| Mitral insufficiency occurs when the? | bicuspid valve is unable to close completely. |
| Mitral insufficiency is AKA? | mitral regurgitation. |
| Mitral insufficiency can be caused by? | MVP (mitral valve prolapse) |
| Mitral insufficiency can range in severity from? | asymptomatic to pulmonary edema |
| Tx for Mitral insufficiency includes? | valvuloplasty (surgical repair of the valve) |
| AS (aortic stenosis)? | is a narrowing of the aortic semilunar valve |
| AS can lead to inadequate blood flow to the brain causing? | syncopal episodes (fainting) |
| Tx for AS includes? | valvuloplasty (surgical repair of the valve) |
| Valvular defects are usually detected through? | cardiac auscultation. |
| Blood regurgitating past an incompetent valve can create that sound that can be auscultated called a? | bruit or murmur |
| Dx (diagnosis)of valvular defects is confirmed with? | echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, or phonocardiography) |
| IE (infectious endocarditis) is a bacterial infection causing? | inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart) |
| Risk factors for IE include? | per-existing heart disease and IV (intravenous) drug use. |
| Complications of IE include? | emboli production and valve damage. |
| Tx of IE includes? | antibiotic therapy |
| Prophylactic (preventive) antibiotics are commonly prescribed for high risk patients before? | surgery or dental procedures |
| An aneurysm is an? | asymptomatic weak area in an arterial septum (wall) |
| Aneurysms commonly occur in the? | thoracic or abdominal aorta |
| AAA stands for? | abdominal aortic aneurysm |
| The primary cause of an aneurysm is? | arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries caused by fatty plaque |
| An aneurysm has the possibility of? | disecting (rupturing) and causing life threatening internal hemorrhage. |
| Tx for an aneurysm includes? | aneurysmectomy and replacement with an arterial graft. |
| PAD stands for? | peripheral arterial disease |
| PAD is commonly caused by? | atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries caused by fatty plaque. |
| The arteries commonly affected by PAD include the? | femorals and popliteals. |
| Signs and symptoms of peripheral artery disease (PAD) include? | a. Intermittent claudication (leg pain when walking |
| another sign and symptom of PAD is? | b. Thinning of skin on legs. |
| another sign and symptom of PAD is? | c. Tactile (touch) coolness. |
| another sign and symptom of PAD is? | d. Absent or thready weak pulses. |
| Tx for PAD includes? | preventing injury, anticoagulants, exercise, and surgery |
| Thrombophlebitis is an? | inflammation of a vein (usually in the lower leg) with the formation of a thrombus (clot). |
| The thrombus can occlude (obstruct) a vein and cause? | edema(swelling) |
| A complication of thrombophlebitis is? | embolism(floating clot) |
| Tx for thrombophlebitis includes? | anticoagulants, antibiotics, and rest |
| DVT stands for? | Deep vein thrombus |
| Prevention of DVT include? | a. proper hydration |
| prevention of DVT includes? | b. ambulation |
| Varicose veins (VV) are? | superficial swollen, twisted, knotty veins (varicosities)of the legs. |
| Varicose veins are commonly caused by? | a. standing or sitting for long periods of time. |
| Varicose veins are commonly caused by? | b. crossing legs. |
| varicose veins are commonly caused by? | c. Pregnancy |
| VV are commonly caused by? | d. heredity. |
| VV are commonly caused by? | e. obesity. |
| Tx for VV (varicose veins) includes? | a. Compression therapy b. ligation and stripping. c. sclerotherapy d. radiofrequency ablation |
| Hemorrhoids are? | varicose veins of the anus and rectum. |
| Hemorrhoids can cause? | pain, pruritus, and bleeding. |
| Causes of hemorrhoids include? | chronic constipation and pregnancy. |
| Tx for hemorrhoids includes? | a. anti-inflammatory creams, wipes, and suppositories. b. hemorrhoidectomy. |
| Esophageal varices are? | varicose veins of the esophagus usually caused by cirrhosis of the liver. |
| Esophageal varices can cause? | fatal hemorrhages to occur. |
| Tx for esophageal varices involves injection of a sclerosing solution into the varices to harden the veins called? | endoscopic sclerotherapy. |
| Hypertension (HTN) refers to? | chronic high blood pressure. |
| (HTN) hypertension is usually? | asymptomatic ("the silent killer"). |
| Damage caused by hypertension includes? | a. CHF (congestive heart failure) b. MI (myocardial infarction) c. Renal (kidney) damage. d. CVA (cerebral vascular accident AKA "stroke" |
| HTN (hypertension) of unknown cause is called? | essential hypertension or idiopathic hypertension or primary hypertension. |
| Hypertension can usually be controlled with? | a. proper diet low in LDL's (low density lipoproteins. HDL's (high density proteins) and low in Na (sodium) |
| DASH stands for? | dietary approaches to stop hypertension. |
| Hypertension can usually be controlled with? | b. regular exercise. c. stress management d. elimination of caffeine (coffee, tea, soda, nicotine and alcohol e. hypertensive medications. |
| Shock is? | any condition that reduces the heart's ability to pump (circulate)blood. |
| Types of shock include? | a. Hypovolemic shock |
| Hypovolemic shock is caused by fluid volume loss which can be caused by? | hemorrhage or dehydration |
| Neurogenic shock is caused by? | generalized vasodilation which can be caused by drugs, anesthesia, and brain or spinal cord injury. |
| Anaphylactic shock is caused by an? | exaggerated allergic response |
| Cardiogenic shock is caused by? | extensive damage to the myocardium |
| Septic shock is caused by? | systemic infections |
| The four blood types are? | A, B, AB and O |
| Each blood type has a + or - called a? | Rh factor |
| The negative Rh blood type can be given to a? | positive Rh blood type |
| A positive Rh CANNOT be given to a? | negative Rh blood type. |
| ER (Erythroblastosis) Fetalis only occurs when the mother's Rh factor is? | negative and the father's Rh factor is positive. |
| If a fetus receives the father's positive Rh factor trait, the mother's immune system will be? | sensitized to the fetal blood during delivery. |
| The mother will start creating? | antibodies against the fetus Rh positive blood. |
| If the mother's next fetus has the father's Rh positive trait, her immune system will? | attack and hemolyze(destroy) erythrocytes (red blood cells) causing hyperglycemia, and fetal hemolytic anemia. |
| The neonate will exhibit extreme? | kerniterus.(yellow discoloration, to skin and sclerae). |
| This condition can be avoided if? | the Rh factors of the parents are known before pregnancy occurs. |
| The medication administered to stop the maternal immune response to the positive Rh factor is called? | Rhogram. |
| EF stands for? | erthroblastosis fetalis |
| HDN stands for? | hemolytic disease or the newborn or Rh incompatibility disease. |
| Anemia is? | erthrocytopenia (deficiency of erythrocytes)and/or deficient hemoglobin). |
| Dx (diagnosis)of anemia is confirmed with a? | CBC (complete blood count) and H+H (hemoglobin and hematocrit). |
| Hemorrhagic anemia occurs when? | there is a substantial blood loss. |
| Hemolyic anemia occurs when? | excessive destruction of erythrocytes (RBC's) |
| PA (Pernicious Anemia) occurs when? | there is a deficiency of vitamin B-12. (<6 ug/day). |
| Hypochromic anemia occurs when? | there is a deficiency of iron (Fe) (<18 mg/day) a.k.a. IDA (iron deficiency anemia). |
| IDA (is the iron deficiency anemia that is? | the most common form of anemia. |
| Hypochromic anemia (IDA) is common is? | adolescent girls boys and pregnant women. |
| Symptoms specific to hypochromic anemia(IDA) include? | craving for ice,swelling of the tongue and dry lips. |
| Folic acid deficiency anemia (<400 mcg/day) can occur due to the? | insufficient consumption of vegetables |
| Aplastic anemia occurs when? | there is a dysfunction of the red bone marrow (myeloid tissue). |
| Signs and symptoms of all anemia's include? | 1.Pallor (paleness) |
| another sign or symptom of all anemia's include? | 2. Fatigue (tired) |
| another sign or symptom of all anemia's include? | 3.Vertigo (dizziness) |
| Another sign and symptom of all anemia's include? | 4. Muscle weakness |
| Another sign and symptom of all anemia's include? | 5.Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) |
| another sign and symptom of all anemia's include? | 6.Tachycardia (rapid pulse) |
| another sign and symptom of all anemia's include? | 7.Cephalalgia (headache) |
| Primary polycythemia is characterized by? | erythrocytosis (excessive erythrocytes due to hyperactive myeloid tissue).(red bone marrow). |
| Primary polycythemia causes the blood to become viscous? | thick |
| Tx (treatment)for primary polycythemia is? | periodic therapeutic phlebotomy (bleeding). |
| Causes of secondary polycythemia include? | 1. Living in high altitudes stimulates erythrocyte production to compensate for lower oxygen (02) concentration. |
| Causes of secondary polycythemia include? | 2.Being very athletic stimulates erythrocyte production to compensate for hypoxia (deficient oxygen) during strenuous exercise). |
| ITP is an autoimmune disease causing? | thrombocytopenia. |
| ITP can cause? | purpura and anemia. |
| Tx (treatment)for ITP includes? | periodic platelet (thrombocyte) transfusions. |
| Leukemia is characterized by? | extreme leukocytosis (excessive WBC's) of immature leukocytes (white blood cells). |
| Numbers of WBCs seen in leukocytes (white blood cells). can exceed? | 200,000 mm3. |
| Dx (diagnosis) of leukemia is confirmed with? | WBC differential and bone marrow Bx (biopsy). |
| The signs and symptoms of leukemia include? | 1. pyrexia (fever) |
| another sign and symptom of leukemia is? | 2.Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) |
| another sign and symptom of leukemia is? | 3. arthralgias (join pain) |
| another sign and symptom of leukemia is? | 4. Anemia and prolonged bleeding). |
| another sign and symptom of leukemia is? | WT (weight) loss. |
| another sign and symptom of leukemia is? | SOB (short of breath). |
| The first main type of leukemia is? | 1. AML which stands for -acute myleogenous leukemia (5 year survival rate -40%) |
| The second main type of leukemia is? | ALL which stands for - acute lymphocytic leukemia (5 year survival rate -85% in children, 50% in adults. |
| The third main type of leukemia is? | chronic myelogenous leukemia (5 year survival rate -90%. |
| The fourth main type of leukemia is? | CLL stands for -chronic lymphocytic leukemia (5 year survival rate - 75%) |
| Tx (treatment) for leukemia includes? | chemotherapy (antineoplastics), radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation. |
| IM is caused by the? | EBV - (Epstein-Barr virus). |
| IM is highly contagious and is commonly called the "kissing disease" due to the ease of? | transmission from close personal contact. |
| IM (infectious mononucleosis) is also called the "college disease" because of the compromised condition of the many college students due to? | 1. poor nutrition. 2. inadequate sleep 3. poorly controlled stress 4. excessive use of ETOH (alcohol) and tobacco. |
| a sign and symptom of (infectious mononucleosis) is? | 1. pyrexia (fever) |
| a sign and symptom of (infectious mononucleosis) is? | 2. extreme fatigue. |
| a sign and symptom of (infectious mononucleosis) is? | 3. persistent pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat). |
| a sign and symptom of (infectious mononucleosis) is? | 4. lymphadenopathy (swollen nodes) |
| a sign and symptom of (infectious mononucleosis) is? | 5. splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). |
| Recovery can take weeks to months but a lasting immunity to the EBV (Epstein -Barr virus is ? | usually attained. |
| A monospot is a? | blood test to detect the presence of the EBV. |
| HD (Hodgkin's Disease) is a? | malignancy of the lymphatic system. |
| Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin's Disease include? | 1. Painless cervical (neck), axillary (armpit), or lymph nodes). |
| Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin's Disease include? | 2. pyrexia (fever) |
| Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin's Disease include? | 3. Fatigue |
| Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin's Disease include? | 4. WT (weight) loss. |
| Hodgkin's Disease is more common in? | 1. Caucasian men |
| Hodgkin's Disease is more common in? | 2. Smokers |
| Hodgkin's Disease is more common in? | 3. exposure to the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or EBV (Epstein-Barr virus). |
| Hodgkin's Disease is more common in? | 4. Ages 15-35 and over 50. |
| Tx (treatment) for HD (Hodgkins Disease) includes? | chemotherapy (antineoplastics) and radiation therapy. |
| The remission rate for Hodgins Disease is? | 95% |
| The signs and symptoms for NHL (Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma)are? | the same as HD (Hodgkin's Disease) |
| NHL (Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma) has a low remission due to? | early metastasis (spread) before signs and symptoms occur. |
Created by:
Penny S
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