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9
9 Review Questions B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All of the following are functions of muscle EXCEPT | protection |
| An entire skeletal muscle is surrounded by | epimysium |
| As an axon enters a muscle, it branches into a number of axonal terminals, each of which forms a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle fiber. A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies is called a | motor unit |
| During muscle contraction, all of the following occur EXCEPT | hemoglobin concentration in muscle fibers increases. |
| What is the ion released from the terminal cisternae that combines with troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, resulting in formation of cross bridges? | Ca2+ |
| Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a neuron at a single | neuromuscular junction |
| In a skeletal muscle fiber, which of the following best describes the composition of the structure known as a triad? | Terminal cisterna, transverse tubule, and terminal cisterna |
| In the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, the myofilaments slide over each other, resulting in an overlapping of actin and _________. | myosin |
| Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for | muscle contraction |
| The all-or-none response of a muscle fiber means that | a muscle fiber responds maximally to threshold stimulation or NOT at all. |
| The dense layer of collagen fibers that surround an entire skeletal muscle is the | epimysium |
| The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the | sarcomere |
| Which statement below does NOT represent a role of ionic calcium in muscle contraction? | Triggers diffusion of Na+ out of the cells |
| The space between the neuron and the muscle is the | synaptic cleft. |
| The term that means a continued mild or partial contraction of an entire muscle is muscle | tone |
| The type of muscle contraction in which the muscle fibers produce increased tension but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens is called | isometric. |
| the role of calcium ions in the contraction of skeletal muscle? | Calcium ions bind to the troponin-tropomyosin complex and remove their inhibitory action on actin/myosin interaction |
| the following statements about smooth muscle is true? | Fibers are small and spindle-shaped. |
| following statements is INCORRECT | Skeletal muscles are responsible for the pumping action of the heart. |
| the following substances increases in quantity during repetitive muscle contraction? | Lactic acid |
| The sequence of electrical changes that occurs along the sarcolemma when a muscle fiber is stimulated is known as the | action potential. |
| In the early stage of repolarization, the sarcolemma is restored to its initial polarized state initially by | K+ diffusing rapidly out of the muscle fiber. |
| During repolarization, the initial events restore only the electrical conditions while the Na+/K+ pump restores the | ionic conditions. |
| the following moves Ca2+ back into the tubules of the SR after a contraction? | The ATP-dependent calcium pump |
| the following allows recoil of the muscle fiber when contraction ends? | Elastic filaments |
| the following binds calcium ions in a smooth muscle causing contraction? | Calmodulin |
| the following events is something a smooth muscle can do but cardiac and skeletal muscle can not do? | Grow by hyperplasia or an increase in the number of cells. |
| the following types of muscle is found in the eye and are used to regulate the size of the pupil? | Multiunit smooth muscle |
| All of the following terms refer to the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus except | contractility. |
| Elasticity refers to the ability of a muscle fiber to | recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched. |
| the following muscles is voluntary? | the muscle that extends the arm at the elbow |
| the following are characteristics of skeletal muscle contraction except | it can contract for long periods of time without tiring. |
| Unlike cardiac and smooth muscle, skeletal muscle | must be stimulated by nerve endings to initiate contraction. |
| A sarcomere is part of a | myofibril. |
| The epimysium is | the overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle. |
| the following statements about "indirect attachments" of muscle is incorrect? | The epimysium of the muscle fuses with the periosteum of the bone. |
| the following characteristics is not unique to skeletal muscle fibers? | They are striated |
| The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is known as the | sarcolemma. |
| "Cross bridges" that link between the thick and thin filaments are formed by the | globular head of thick filaments |
| The function of the protein "dystrophin" is to | links the thin filaments to integral proteins. |
| the following is thought to be an autoimmune disease of acetylcholine receptors? | Myasthenia gravis |
| The binding of acetylcholine molecules to acetylcholine receptors would lead to all of the following except | sodium would leave the muscle cell. |
| The refractory period in which the muscle will not contract if stimulated occurs during __________ of the muscle cell. | repolarization. |
| What would happen if the calcium level in the sarcoplasm was kept high? | The cell would calcify and die |
| What is the cause of rigor mortis | Calcium influx into the cell after death causes rigor mortis. |
| The difference in the speed and duration of contraction of a twitch contraction in different muscles through-out the body is due to the | enzyme variations in different muscles |
| the following would produce a " treppe" effect on muscle contraction? | Applying the same strength stimulus for a long period of time. |
| In an isotonic eccentric muscle contraction, the muscle generates force as it | increases its length |
| The presence of creatine phosphate in the muscle provides | additional energy to the contracting muscle |
| Where does 95% of the energy needed for contraction come from during moderate exercise? | ATP provides 95% of energy during moderate exercise. |
| The alternating contraction and relaxation of opposing layers of smooth muscle is referred to as | peristalsis |
| the following characteristics is unique to smooth muscle? | the absence of striations. |
| Cardiac muscle control is voluntary. | False |
| Communication between nerve and muscle fiber occurs at specialized junctions called neuromuscular junctions | True |
| Cross-bridges are portions of the actin molecules. | False |
| During the recovery period following exercise, the body's need for oxygen is increased. | True |
| In isotonic contractions, the muscle changes in length and the tension remains constant through most of the contractile period. | True |
| Lactic acid is an end product of anaerobic fermentation that causes muscle fatigue. | True |
| Muscles that exert very fine control (such as the muscles controlling movements of the fingers and eyes) have large motor units. | False |
| One of the functions of the smooth muscle tissue is to force blood from the heart into the major arteries. | False |
| The area of the sarcomere that contains only thin and titin elastic filaments is the I band. | True |
| The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle is adrenalin. | False |
| The sequence of events which forms the link between electrical activity in the sarcolemma and the initiation of a contraction is called excitation-contraction coupling. | True |
| The skeletal muscle complex known as the triad consists of the transverse tubule and the terminal cisternae | True |
| The space between the neuron and the muscle is the synaptic knob. | False |
| The type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the fast fiber. | False |
| Cross-bridges occur when myosin combines with the active site on actin. | False |
| Cross bridge attachment to actin requires K+. | True |
| In the initial stages of repolarization the ionic conditions are restored returning the membrane to its resting potential. | False |
| Ca++ is essential for skeletal muscle contraction | False |
| Below threshold voltage only a small amount of muscle response movement occurs. | True |
| At maximal stimulus the muscle is contracting at full strength. | False |
| At maximal stimulus the muscle is contracting at full strength | True |
| A condition in which a muscle contracts progressively stronger due to warming is called treppe | True |
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