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VW Brainstem
IS-B1-Brainstem
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The brainstem is comprised of which 3 areas? | Midbrain, Pons and Medulla Oblongata |
| Embryologically, the brainstem developed from the midbrain and the hindbrain. Which areas are in which? | Midbrain (mesencephalon), Hindbrain - Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and Myelencephalon (medulla). |
| In the midbrain and pons, the most anterior portion is referred to as the _ part and the posterior portion is referred to as the _. | Basilar, Tegmentum |
| Sitting above the basilar and tegmental regions of the midbrain and pons sits the roof or _. | Tectum. |
| This separates the tectum from the tegmentum | The cerebral aqueduct |
| What cranial nerves are associated with the medulla? | CN IX, X, XI and XII (and part of V) |
| What regions appear in the anterior area of the medulla? | Pyramids, Olives |
| What regions appear in the posterior area of the medulla? | Gracile Tubercles and Cuneate Tubercles |
| these are medial bumps that contain cell bodies that are part of the somatosensory pathway called the PC/ML | Gracile Tubercles |
| these are lateral bumps that contain the cell bodies of the PC/ML pathway | Cuneate Tubercles |
| What regions appear in the lateral area of the medulla? | Inferior cerebellar peduncle, cerebellopontine angle, CN VII and VIII |
| What type of tumor shows up in the cerebellopontine angle? Why are they important? | vestibular schwannomas - damages CN VIII and eventually VII. Acoustics and Facial Nerve |
| This level of the medulla has a level of motor decussation and a level of sensory decussation. Which, motor or sensory, is most rostral? | Caudal Medulla, Sensory Decussation Area |
| What structures are found within the caudal medulla? | Pyramidal decussation, spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus, fasciculus cuneatus, fasciculus gracilis, the ALS and Anterior and Posterior Spinocerebellar tracts |
| this is where axons of descending UMNs in the corticospinal tracts leave the pyramids, cross over to contralateral side and become the lateral corticospinal tracts in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. | Motor (Pyramidal) Decussation |
| this is axons relaying sensory information from the face | Spinal trigeminal tract |
| this structure consists of cell bodies that synapse with axons carrying information from the face to relay to the cortical areas. | Spinal trigeminal nucleus |
| This structure comes from the SC containing sensory axons relaying tactile, vibratory sense from the upper half of the body | Fasciculus cuneatus |
| This structure comes from the SC containing sensory axons relaying tactile and vibratory sense from the lower half of the body | Fasciculus gracilis |
| This structure comes from the SC containing spinothalamic axons that are relaying pain and temp info from the contralateral body to the thalamus | ALS |
| This structure comes from the SC and relays muscle proprioceptive information to the cerebellum | Anterior and Posterior Spinocerebellar tracts |
| This structure contains cell bodies whose axons will travel through as internal arcuate fibers and cross to the contralateral side - then axons change name to Medial Lemniscus, ascending to thalamus with tactile and vibratory sense from the body. | Nucleus Cuneatus and Gracilus |
| True or false - the PC/ML is the only sensory pathway crossing in the caudal medulla? | TRUE |
| This structure contains corticospinal axons that descend to the SC. | Pyramids |
| The Mid Medulla contains the nuclei of what cranial nerves? | CN IX, X and XII |
| What structures are found in the caudal medulla - sensory decussation region? | Pyramids, medial lemniscus, ASCT, PSCT, ALS, Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus and Tract, Nucleus and Fasciculus Cuneatus and Gracilis |
| What structures are found in the mid medulla? | Pyramids, medial lemniscus, Inferior Olivary Nucleus, Olive, ASCT, Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle, Solitary tract and nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, ALS, Spinal Trigeminal tract and nucleus, Dorsal Motor nucleus of the vagus, hypoglossal nucleus, MLF |
| This structure contains the cell bodies of CN XII that innervate the ipsilateral tongue muscles | Hypoglossal Nucleus |
| Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit? | Between the pyramid and the olive |
| This structure contains preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies for CN X | The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus |
| This structure receives sensory input from CN VII, IX and X | Solitary nucleus and solitary tract |
| This structure is a long axonal tract that coordinates left and right eye movements | MLF - medial longitudinal fasciculus |
| This structure contains cell bodies of the part of CN IX and X whose axons innervate the larynx and pharynx muscles. | Nucleus Ambiguus (NA) |
| This structure contains the axons that were in the posterior spinocerebellar tract that entered the structure on their way to the cerebellum. | Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle |
| This structure contains cell bodies that receive info form several sources then project to cerebellum. | Inferior Olivary nucleus |
| What new structures appear in the Rostral Medulla? | Inferior and Medial Vestibular nuclei and Dorsal and Ventral Cochlear Nuclei |
| These structures contain cell bodies that are part of the CN VIII auditory portion | Dorsal and Ventral Cochlear nuclei |
| These structures contain cell bodies that are part of the CN VIII vestibular portion | Inferior and Medial Vestibular nuclei |
| Within the reticular formation, there is a region called the _ nuclei which contain serotonin (5HT), enkephalin and CCK which help block the transmission of pain info traveling to the cortex. | Raphe nuclei |
| What are the major sources of blood supply to the caudal medulla? | Anterior spinal artery, vertebral artery, PICA and Posterior Spinal Artery |
| What are the major sources of blood supply to the mid medulla? | Anterior spinal artery, vertebral artery, PICA |
| What are the major sources of blood supply to the rostral medulla? | Anterior spinal artery, vertebral artery, carotid artery and AICA |
| The tegmental portion of the pons contains sensory and motor nuclei from which 4 CN's? | CN V, VI, VII, VIII |
| What structures are new to the caudal pons? | CN VI nucleus, CN VII nucleus, middle cerebellar peduncle, superior olivary nucleus, lateral lemniscus, trapezoid body, pontine nuclei |
| The facial colliculus describes the cell bodies of which CN? | VI - it's a misnomer. |
| What structures seen in the medulla continue into the caudal pons? | ALS, ASCT, MLF, Medial Lemniscus, Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle, Spinal Trigeminal Tract and Nucleus, Medial and Inferior Vestibular Nuclei |
| This contains cell bodies of the cranial nerve whose axons innervate the lateral rectus extraocular muscle | Abducens Nucleus |
| This contains cell bodies of the cranial nerve whose axons innervate the ipsilateral facial expression muscles | Facial Nucleus |
| These three structures in the caudal pons comprise part of the auditory pathway | Superior olivary nucleus, lateral lemniscus, trapezoid body |
| The superior olivary nucleus, lateral lemniscus and trapezoid body in the caudal pons comprise what pathway? | Auditory pathway |
| This structure contains cell bodies and some of the axons that will project into the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle | Pontine nuclei |
| This contains axons of upper motor cortical neurons that will descend into the medullary pyramids | Corticospinal tracts |
| The trigeminal motor nucleus is located where in the pons? | Mid Pons |
| This structure contains cell bodies whose axons will innervate the muscles of chewing | Trigeminal Motor Nucleus |
| This structure contains cell bodies receiving tactile and vibratory sense from the face | Principal Sensory Nucleus |
| This structure contains pseudounipolar neurons relaying proprioceptive information from the mastication muscles | Mesencephalic nucleus and tract |
| What are the names of the transverse fibers in the pontine nucleus? | Pontocerebellar fibers |
| This structure in the rostral pons contains axons entering and leaving the cerebellum. | Superior cerebellar peduncle |
| This structure contains cell bodies which contain noradrenaline and their axons project throughout the CNS. | Locus Ceruleus |
| These cell bodies have a smokey blue appearance and have low discharge rates during sleep / high discharge rates during stress. | Locus Ceruleus |
| What artery and branches supply blood to the pons? | Basilar artery - paramedian, short and long circumferential branches |
| The CN nerve nuclei that are located in the midbrain are: | CN III and IV |
| True or false - the midbrain has a tectum, but not a tegmentum. | FALSE - it has both |
| The midbrain includes what three regions? | Tectum, tegmentum and basis pedunculi |
| What can be seen on the posterior view of the midbrain? | Superior and Inferior colliculi |
| Caudal Midbrain contains which new structures? | Inferior colliculus, cerebral aqueduct, periaquaductal gray, trochlear nucleus, decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles, substantia nigra, cerebral peduncles |
| This structure in the caudal midbrain is part of the auditory pathway | Inferior colliculus |
| This structure in the caudal midbrain is part of the ventricular system | Cerebral aqueduct |
| This structure in the caudal midbrain contains cell bodies which contain enkephalins that block pain transmission | Periaquaductal gray |
| This structure in the caudal midbrain contains cell bodies of the CN _ which innervate the superior oblique muscle of the eye. | Trochlear nucleus - CN IV |
| This structure in the caudal midbrain contains axons exiting the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncles that will cross and either ascend to cortex or synapse in red nucleus | Decussation of Superior cerebellar peduncles |
| This structure in the caudal midbrain is part of the basal ganglia whose cell bodies contain dopamine and when they die, exhibit Parkinson's disease. | Substantia Nigra |
| This structure in the caudal midbrain contains axons in the middle 3/5 that are part of the corticospinal tracts (UMN's descending) | Cerebral Peduncles |
| This structure in the rostral midbrain is part of the visual system | Superior colliculus |
| This structure in the rostral midbrain contains cell bodies that project their axons to innervate 4 extra-ocular muscles | Oculomotor nucleus (CN III) |
| The parasympathetic nucleus to CN III is called the _-_ nucleus which contains preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies whose axons synapse on the ciliary ganglion and will cause pupillary constriction. | Edinger-Westphal nucleus |
| Where do the axons of the Oculomotor nuclei exit? | Between the 2 cerebral peduncles |
| This structure in the rostral midbrain contains cell bodies which project their axons as the rubrospinal tract which influences LMN's | Red Nucleus |
| Which vessels supply blood to the midbrain? | Basilar artery, superior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, Quardrigeminal artery, superior cerebellar artery |
Created by:
cherubicsiren
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