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MMT Ch 12
Medical Terminology Nervous System WGU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acalculia | inability to perform mathematical calculations |
| AD | alzheimer disease, progressive, neurodegenerative disease in which patients eshibit an impairment of cognitive functioning |
| afferent | of nerves and nerve impulses, bringing toward or into |
| ageusia | inability to taste |
| agnosia | inability to recognize objects by use of the senses |
| agraphia | a loss of the ability to write or to express thoughts in writing because of a brain lesion |
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| amnesia | partial or total loss of memory |
| anosmia | absence of the sense of smell (as by damage to olfactory nasal tissue or the olfactory nerve or by obstruction of the nasal passages) |
| ANS | SNS (fight or flight) +PNS (rest & digest) |
| aphasia | inability to use or understand language (spoken or written) because of a brain lesion |
| apraxia | inability to make purposeful movements |
| astrocytes | largest, most numerous glial cells; maintain blood-brain barrier to isolate CNS from general circulation; provide structural support for CNS; regulate ion and nutrient concentrations; perform repairs to stabilize tissue and prevent further injury |
| astrocytoma | star-shaped tumor that usually develops in the cerebrum; frequently in people younger than 20 years old |
| athetosis | a continuous succession of slow writing involuntary movements of the hands and feet and other body parts |
| aura | premonitory awareness of an approaching physical or mental disorder; peculiar sensation that precedes seizures |
| autonomic system | the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands |
| axon | long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron |
| babinski reflex | reflex in which babies will fan out their toes when you touch the sole of their feet |
| BBB | the barrier that strictly regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain; keeps neurons in the brain from being exposed to drugs and wastes in the blood and varying levels of normal substances that could affect the brain |
| Bell palsy | temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes drooping only on the affected side of the face |
| brain scan | image of the brain taken after injection of radioactive isotopes into the circulation |
| brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem |
| brainstem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| carotid endarterectomy | the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain |
| cauda equina | collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord |
| central nervous system | the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebellum | coordinates voluntary movement but is involuntary in its function (muscle memory) |
| cerebral angiography | X-ray record of blood vessels in the brain after intravenous injection of contrast material. |
| cerebral contusion | Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours |
| cerebral cortex | made up of gray matter, covers the hemispheres |
| cerebral cortex | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center |
| cerebrum | area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body |
| cerebrum | the largest portion of the brain, responsible for thinking, reasoning, and memory |
| coma | a state of deep and often prolonged unconsciousness |
| concussion | injury to the brain caused by a blow |
| cordotomy | cutting of nerve fibers to relieve intractable pain |
| CP | cerebral palsy |
| craniectomy | excision of part of the skull to approach the brain |
| craniotomy | incision of the skull |
| CSF | cerebral spinal fluid, located in ventricles and the subarachnoid space |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident |
| dendrites | branching extensions of neuron that receives messages from neighboring neurons |
| dermatomes | skin surface areas supplied by a single afferent spinal nerve |
| diencephalon | thalamus and hypothalamus |
| diplegia | paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body |
| DTR | deep tendon reflexes |
| dyslexia | a learning disability that results in difficulty reading and writing |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| dyssomnia | difficulty with the sleep-wake cycle |
| echoencephalography | a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study the anatomy of the brain |
| EEG | electroencephalogram |
| efferent | conducting outward, away from |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus |
| EP | evoked potential |
| epilepsy | a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions |
| fasciculation | muscular twitching of contiguous groups of muscle fibers |
| frontal lobe | controls functions of speech and the motor area control voluntary movement on the contralateral side of the body |
| gait | manner of walking |
| GARS | gait assessment rating scale |
| glia | cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections, and modify neuronal functioning |
| gray matter | cell bodies of motor neurons |
| gray matter | greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome | autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness |
| gyri | elevated ridges on cortical surface of the cerebral hemisphere, which increase the surface area and provide space for additional cortical neurons |
| hemiparesis | weakness on one side of the body |
| hemiplegia | paralysis of one side of the body |
| HIVD | herniated intervertebral disk |
| homeostasis | process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
| huntington chorea | Inherited disease of the CNS that usually has its onset in people between 30 and 50 years of age. This disease is characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration. |
| hydrocephalus | n abnormal condition in which cerebrospinal fluid collects in the ventricles of the brain |
| hypokinesia | abnormally decreased muscle function or activity |
| hypothalamus | controls peripheral autonomic nervous system, as well as body temperature, sleep, and appetite |
| lobes | the different regions into which the cerebral cortex is divided |
| LP | lumbar puncture |
| medulla oblongata | regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing |
| medulloblastoma | malignant tumor cerebellum; invades fourth ventricle |
| meninges | protective covering composed of dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater |
| meningioma | benign tumor of the meninges |
| meningitis | infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection |
| midbrain | site of reflex centers for eye and head movements |
| migraine | a severe recurring vascular headache |
| monoparesis | slight paralysis of one (limb) |
| monoplegia | paralysis of a single limb |
| MS | multiple sclerosis |
| MSLT | multiple sleep latency test |
| myelin | a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers |
| myelography | roentgenography of the spinal cord to detect possible lesions (usually after injection of a contrast medium into the subarachnoid space) |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep |
| nerve block | chemical interruption of a nerve pathway effected by injecting a local anesthetic |
| nerve roots | where 31 pairs of spinal nerves emerge from spinal chord |
| neural impulse | action potential |
| neuralgia | acute spasmodic pain along the course of one or more nerves |
| neurectomy | excision of a nerve |
| neuritis | inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function |
| neuroblastoma | malignant tumor containing embryonic nerve cells |
| neuroendoscopy | use of a fiberoptic camera to visualize neural structures; used for placing a shunt in hydrocephalic patients |
| neurofibroma | tumor of the fibrous covering of a peripheral nerve |
| neuroglia | non-conducting cells of nervous tissue with supportive and metabolic functions |
| neurolysis | destruction of a nerve |
| neuroma | any tumor derived from cells of the nervous system |
| neurons | nerve cells |
| neuroplasty | surgical repair of a nerve |
| neurorrhaphy | suture of a nerve |
| neurotomy | incision into a nerve |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons |
| occipital lobe | vision |
| parageusia | Perversion of taste in which substances possess an unpleasant flavor. |
| paraparesis | a slight paralysis or weakness of both legs |
| paraplegia | paralysis of the lower half of the body (most often as a result of trauma) |
| paresthesia | abnormal skin sensations (as tingling or tickling or itching or burning) usually associated with peripheral nerve damage |
| parietal lobe | touch and taste |
| PD | parkinson's disease |
| peripheral nervous system | 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| peripheral nervous system | The section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| plexus | a network formed by the nerve fibers of several nerves |
| polyneuritis | inflammation of many or all of the peripheral nerves (as in leprosy) |
| pons | bridge between cerebrum and medulla oblongata |
| PSG | polysomnography |
| quadriparesis | Weakness of all four limbs, both arms and both legs |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of both arms and both legs |
| radiculitis | an inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb; also known as a pinched nerve |
| rizotomy | sensory nerve roots are destroyed. |
| schwann cells | Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin. |
| sciatica | neuralgia along the sciatic nerve |
| seizure | sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from abnormal firing of nerve impulses (may or may not be associated with convulsion) |
| shingles | viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and caused blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves |
| somatic system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
| spasm | a painful and involuntary muscular contraction |
| SPECT | single photon emission computed tomography |
| spina bifida | a not uncommon congenital defect in which a vertebra is malformed, congenital defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of spinal membranes or tissue |
| spinal cord | a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain |
| spinal nerves | cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal |
| stereotaxic radio-surgery | surgery using radiowaves to localize structures within a 3D space |
| stimulus | something that causes a response |
| sulci | shallow grooves that separate gyri |
| sympathectomy | surgical interruption of a nerve pathway in the sympathetic nervous system |
| synapse | the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle |
| syncope | a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain |
| Tay-sachs disease | A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth |
| temporal lobe | auditory and olfactory areas |
| TENS | transcutaneaous electrical nerve stimulation |
| terminal fibers | the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse |
| thalamus | relays sensory information and translates it into sensations of pain, temperature and touch |
| TIA | brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply |
| Tourette syndrome | Disorder of multiple motor and vocal tics |
| vagotomy | Incision of the vagus nerve |
| ventriculoperitonostomy | procedure to drain fluid from the brain ventricles through a shunt, catheter, and valve that leads to the abdominal cavity. |
| ventriculostomy | A surgical hole in the head to the level of the cerebral ventricle; usually done to relieve elevated intracranial pressure and brainstem herniation. |
| vertigo | a reeling sensation |
| white matter | myelin covered axons that extend from the nerve cell bodies |
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