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MMT Ch 9
Medical Terminology Blood, Lymph & Immune Systems WGU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| homeostasis | metabolic equilibrium |
| hematology | study of blood |
| immunology | how our bodies fight off infection |
| hematic | pertaining to blood |
| lymphatic | returns fluid to cardiovascular system, detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms. |
| hematopoiesis | the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow) |
| stem cell | unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions |
| plasma | colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| leukocytes | white blood cells, or WBC, form in the bone marrow and are part of the body's nonspecific defenses and the immune system |
| thrombocytes | platelets, blood-clotting cell fragments |
| bone marrow | a soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells |
| erythropoietin | a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells |
| hemosiderin | insoluble ferritin degradation product visible with Prussian blue stain |
| morphology | the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants |
| granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| polymorphonucleocytes | neutrophil |
| eosinophils | white blood cell that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in vertebrates, white blood cell that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in vertebrates |
| neutrophils | A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. |
| phagocytes | cells that ingest antigens |
| basophils | Blood cells that enter damaged tissues and enhance the inflammation process and contain histamine and heparin |
| anticoagulant | a drug that prevents clotting of the blood |
| agranulocytes | a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei |
| monocytes | an agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage |
| macrophages | Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. |
| lymphocytes | Make antibodies to destroy foreign pathogens |
| antigens | foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response. |
| antibodies | Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen. |
| coagulation | blood clotting |
| agglutinate | clump together |
| prothrombin | a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin |
| thrombin | an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot |
| fibrinogen | Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process |
| fibrin | Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot |
| hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding |
| serum | watery fluid of the blood that resembles plasma but contains fibrinogen |
| antigens | foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response. |
| antibodies | Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents |
| agglutinogens | Antigens formed on the surface of red blood cells, whose presence and structure are genetically determined. |
| universal recipient | blood group AB; no natural blood group antibodies in serum |
| Rh factor | the presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal anemia |
| HDN | hemolytic disease of the newborn |
| lymph | the clear fluid that bathes each cell and transfers needed substances and wastes back and forth between the blood and the cells |
| lymph vessels | vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes |
| lymph nodes | Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation |
| macrophages | Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. |
| lymph glands | Another name for lymph nodes; small organs composed of lymphatic tissue located along the route of the lymphatic vessels; remove impurities from the lymph and manufacture lymphocytes and antibodies. |
| thoracic duct | receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities |
| spleen | Produces blood cells, destroys damaged blood cells, stores blood cells |
| thymus gland | An endocrine gland located in the upper mediastinum that assists the body with the immune function and the development of antibodies. As part of the immune response it secretes a hormone, thymosin, that changes lymphocytes to T cells. |
| tonsils | oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine |
| appendix | a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch |
| cytokines | chemicals released by the immune system that attack infections and communicate with the brain to elicit anti-illness behaviors |
| lymphokines | which are produced by the T cells, direct the antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system |
| monokines | cytokines primarily produced by monocytes and macrophages |
| interleukins | proteins that stimulate the growth of B or T lymphocytes and activate specific components of the immune response |
| non specific immunity | defenses that stop the invasion of pathogens; requires no previous encounter with a pathogen |
| specific immunity | the third line of defense. the body's way of fighting off specific things that invade your body |
| acquired immunity | Formation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen |
| natural immunity | immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup |
| phagocytosis | process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell |
| pyrexia | fever |
| inflammation | a response of body tissues to injury or irritation |
| interferons | Antiviral proteins secreted by T cells |
| natural killer cells | A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity. |
| immunoglobulins | Bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response |
| humoral immunity | specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids |
| cell-mediated immunity | immunity against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells |
| active immunity | a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens |
| passive immunity | short-term immunity caused when antibodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the body |
| dyscrasia | an abnormal or physiologically unbalanced state of the body |
| anemia | a deficiency of red blood cells |
| acute posthemorrhagic anemia | RBC deficiency caused by blood loss |
| B12 Deficiency | -Pernicious anemia: macrocytic anemia, muscle weakness, neurological distrurbances |
| -neither B12 or Folate will clear up macrocytic but if B12 deficient this can be potentially very dangerous | |
| -vegans takes long time | |
| chronic blood loss | depletes iron stores, leading to decreased erthropoiesis |
| folate deficiency | MCC of increased serum homocysteine |
| hypovolemia | a blood disorder consisting of a decrease in the volume of circulating blood |
| sideropenia | deficiency of iron |
| pernicious anemia | lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body |
| aplastic anemia | a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. |
| hemolytic anemia | anemia resulting from destruction of erythrocytes |
| autoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia | anemia caused by the body's destruction of its own RBCs by serum antibodies |
| nonautoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia | anemia that may be drug induced or caused by an infectious disease |
| sickle cell anemia | a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape |
| thalassemias | Genetic defect results in reduced rate of synthesis of one of the globin chains as well as increased RBC destruction |
| (hemolysis) resulting in decreased survival rate. | |
| pancytopenia | an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood |
| hemophilia | is a bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process |
| polycythemia vera | chronic increase in the number of RBC's and the concentration of hemoglobin. |
| purpura | any of several blood diseases causing subcutaneous bleeding |
| thrombocytopenia | a blood disease characterized by an abnormally small number of platelets in the blood |
| leukosytosis | abnormal increase of white blood cells |
| leukopenia | an abnormal lowering of the white blood cell count |
| neutropenia | leukopenia in which the decrease is primarily in number of neutrophils (the chief phagocytic leukocyte) |
| edema | swelling from excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue |
| hypersplenism | splenomegaly; peripheral blood cytopenias; portal hypertension MCC |
| lymphadenitis | Infection of the lymph nodes |
| lymphadenopathy | chronic abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes (usually associated with disease) |
| lymphedema | swelling (usually in the legs) caused by lymph accumulating in the tissues |
| lymphocytopenia | an abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood |
| lymphocytosis | an abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood |
| mononucleosis | a condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis) |
| AIDS | a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles |
| allergy | overly strong reaction of the immune system to a foreign substance |
| anaphylaxis | a severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes. |
| delayed allergy | an allergic reaction that becomes apparent only hours after contact |
| immediate allergy | an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact |
| autoimmune disease | any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues |
| thymoma | tumor of the thymus gland |
| ALL | acute lymphocytic leukemia characterized by proliferation of immature lymphoblast-like cells in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and blood |
| AML | acute myelogenous leukemia |
| CLL | chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
| CML | chronic myelogenous leukemia |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells |
| multiple myeloma | myeloma that develops in several places at the same time |
| non-Hodgkin lymphoma | the term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma |
| malignant thymoma | rare cancer of the thymus gland |
| lymphadenography | radiographic examination of lymph nodes after injection of a contrast medium |
| lymphangiography | roentgenographic examination of lymph nodes and lymph vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium |
| splenic arteriography | radiographic visualization of the spleen with the use of a contrast medium |
| ELISA | enzyme linked immunosorbent assay |
| Western Blot | blood test used to check for antibodies for HIV and to confirm an ELISA test |
| BMP | basic metabolic panel |
| CBC | counting the number of white and red blood cells and the number of platelets in 1 cubic millimeter of blood |
| CMP | complete metabolic panel |
| Coombs antiglobulin test | blood test to diagnose hemolytic disease of the newborn acquired hemolytic anemia or a transfusion reaction |
| diff count | measure of the numbers of the different types of WBCs |
| ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| Hct | hematocrit |
| PCV | Packed cell volume (hematocrit) |
| Hgb | hemoglobin |
| Hb | hemoglobin |
| MCH | mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
| MCHC | mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
| Monospot | test for infectious mononucleosis |
| PTT | partial thromboplastin time |
| PT | prothrombin time |
| Schilling Test | determine whether the problem with low blood B12 is related to intrinsic factor insufficiency by administering tracer-labeled vit B12 and measure urinary excretion overy various times |
| WBC | white blood cell |
| apheresis | a procedure in which blood is drawn and separated into its components by dialysis |
| BMT | basic metabolic panel |
| autologous | originating within an individual |
| adenoidectomy | excision of the adenoids |
| lymphadenectomy | removal of a lymph node |
| splenectomy | surgical removal of the spleen |
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