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Nervous system 10kat
nerves, brain and spinal cord
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter, chemical released at the end of nerve cells |
| afferent nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord(sensory nerve) |
| arachnoid membrane | middle layer of the three membranes(meninges) |
| astrocyte | type of glial(neuroglial) cell |
| autonomic nervous system | nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands and internal organs |
| axon | microscopic fiber that carries nervous impulse along a nerve cell |
| blood-brain barrier | capillaries that selectively let certain substances enter and keep other substances out |
| brainstem | conncets the cerebrum with the pons and medulla oblongata |
| cauda equina | collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord |
| cell body | part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | brain and the spinal cord |
| cerebellum | posterior part of the brain |
| cerebral cortex | outer region of the cerebrum |
| cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) | circulates through out the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain |
| cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that carries messages to and from the brain, except the vagus nerve (10th nerve) |
| dendrite | microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell, first part to recieve the nervous impulse |
| dura mater | thick outermost layer of the meninges |
| efferent nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve |
| ependymal cell | lines mebranes within the brain and spinal cord |
| ganglion | collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nevous system |
| glial cell (neuroglial cell) | supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses |
| gyrus | sheet of convoluted nerve cells |
| hypothalamus | portion of the brain beneath the thalamus, controls sleep, appetite body temp and secretions of pituitary gland |
| medulla oblongata | part of the brain just above the spinal cord, controls breathing, heartbeat and the size of blood vessels, nerve fibres cross over here |
| meninges | three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| microglial cell | phagocytic cell that removes waste products from the central nevous system |
| motor nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs, efferent nerve |
| myelin sheath | covering of white fatty tissue |
| nerve | macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses |
| neuron | nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body |
| neurotransmitter | chemical released at the end of a nerve cell |
| oligodendroglial cell | glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons |
| parasympathetic nerves | involuntary autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions like heart rate breathing and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract |
| parenchyma | essential distinguishing tissue of an organ or system |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial,spinal and autonomic nerves |
| pia mater | thin delicate membrane of the meninges |
| plexus | large interlacing network of nerves |
| pons | bridge connecting various parts of the brain |
| receptor | organ that recieves a nervous stimulus |
| sciatic nerve | nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg and foot |
| sensory nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor afferent nerve |
| spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal nerve |
| stimulus | agent of change(light sound touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response |
| stroma | connective and supporting tissue of an organ. glia cells are the stromal tissue of the brain |
| sulcus | depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure |
| sympathetic nerves | autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress |
| synapse | space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle of or glandular cells |
| thalamus | main relay center of the brain |
| vagus nerve | thenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X) |
| ventricles of the brain | canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| cerebellar | pt to cerebellum |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum |
| cerebrospinal fluid | fluid pt to the cerebrum |
| dur/o | dura mater |
| subdural hematoma | collection of blood pt to below the dura mater |
| epidural hematoma | collection of blood pt to above the dura mater |
| encephal/o | brain |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| encephalopathy | disease condition of the brain |
| anencephaly | condition of no brian |
| gli/o | glial cells |
| glioblastoma | immature malignant tumor of glial cells |
| lept/o | thin slender |
| leptomeningeal | pt to thin meninges |
| mening/o, meningi/o | membranes, meninges |
| meningeal | pt to the meninges |
| meningioma | tumor of the meninges |
| myelomeningocele | hernia of the spinal cord and meninges |
| my/o | muscle |
| myoneural | pt to muscle nerves |
| myel/o | spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexs) |
| myelogram | record of the spinal cord |
| poliomyelitis | inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord |
| neur/o | nerve |
| neuropathy | disease condition of nerves |
| polyneuritis | inflammation of many nerves |
| pont/o | pons |
| cerebellopontine | pt to cerebellum and pons |
| ine | pt to |
| radicul/o | nerve root(of spinal nerves) |
| radiculopathy | disease condition of a nerve root |
| radiculitis | inflammation of nerve root |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| thalamic | pt to thalamus |
| thec/o | sheath(refers to the meniges) |
| intra thecal injection | injection pt to within the sheath |
| vag/o | pt to vagus nerve |
| alges/o, algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain |
| analgesia | condition of no sensitivity to pain |
| hypalgesia | diminished sensitivity to pain |
| -algia | pain |
| neuralgia | nerve pain |
| cephalgia | head pain |
| caus/o | burning |
| causalgia | burning pain |
| comat/o | deep sleep(coma) |
| comatose | pt to deep sleep |
| coma | state of deep sleep |
| -esthesia, esthesi/o | feeling nervous sensation |
| anesthesia | no feeling or nervous sensation |
| anesthetics | agents that reduceor eliminate sensation |
| hyperesthesia | increased feeling , sensation |
| paresthesia | abnormal feeling sensation |
| kines/o,kinesi/o, -kinesia. -kinesis, -kinetic | movement |
| bradykinesia | slow movement |
| hyperkenesis | excessive movement |
| dyskinesia | difficult movement |
| akinetic | no movement |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| epilepsy | above seizure |
| narcolepsy | sleep seizure |
| lex/o | word phrase |
| dyslexia | condition of difficult word phrase |
| -paresis | weakness |
| hemiparesis | right or left half of the body weakness |
| -phasia | speech |
| aphasia | no speech |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| hemiplegia | right or left half of the body paralysis |
| paraplegia | paralysis of the lower part of the body |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of four exrtemities |
| -praxia | action |
| apraxia | no action |
| -sthenia | strength |
| neurasthenia | no nerve stength |
| syncop/o | to cut off cut short |
| syncopal | pt to cut off, cut short, fainting |
| tax/o | order, coordination |
| ataxia | condition of no order coordination |
| hydroephalus | abnormal accumualtion of fluid(CSF) in the brain , circulation of spinal fluid is impared so a shunt is used to drain extra fluid |
| spina bifida | congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by union of vertabral parts(neural tube defect),meningocele,myelomeningocele, reasons unknown |
| Alzheimer disease (AD) | brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration(dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning, confusion, memory failure, disorientation, restlessness, anxiety,senile, plaques, neurofibrillary tangles |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and the brain stem,maifests in adulthood,weakness, difficulty in swallowing, walking,cure unknown, Lou Ghrig disease |
| epilepsy | chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity |
| tonic-clonic seizure | grand mal or ictal evenets |
| aura | peculiar sensation experienced by the affected person before onset of seizure |
| absence seizures | petite mal siezures, minor form of seizure, |
| Huntington disease | hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration, dance like movements jerking movements,chromosome 4 |
| multiple sclerosis(MS) | destructiom of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic(hard)tissue |
| myasthenia gravis (MG) | autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles, thymectomy is a method of treatment |
| palsy | paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function) cerebral palsy partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination from lack of oxygen during pregnancy |
| Bells palsy | paralysis on one side of the face, from viral infection |
| parkinson disease | degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occuring later in life and leading to tremors weakness of muscles and slowness of movement, pallitave care |
| Tourette syndrome | involuntary, spasmodic twitching movements;uncontrollable vocal sounds and inappropriate words |
| herpes zoster | viral infection affecting peripheral nerves,shingles |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges,leptomeningitis viral,bacterial |
| human immunodeficiently virus encephalopathy (HIV) | brain disease and dementia occuring with aids |
| brain tumor | abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges, gliomas, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma,glioblastoma multiforme |
| cerebral concussion | temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury usually clearing in 24 hoursn (feinting) |
| cerebral contusion | bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head, neurologic deficits persit longer than 24 hours, fracture of the skull |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain, stroke, also known as cerebral infarction |
| Thrombotic | blood clot, stroke |
| TIA | transient ischemic attacks, short episodes of neurologic dysfunction |
| embolic | an embolus a dislodged thrombus, travels to the cerebral arteries and occludes a small vessel, happens quite suddenly |
| hemorthagic | a blood vessel such as the cerebral artery breaks and bleeding occurs, this stroke can be fatal can result from age,artherosclerosis,high blood pressure, |
| aneurism | weakened area in a vessel that balloons and and may eventually bursdt(younger patient0 |
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator, medicine started within three hours of stroke |
| migraine | severe recurring unilateral, vascular headache |
| aura | peculiar sensations that preceed the onset of illness |
| absence seizure | minor petite mal form of seizure |
| astrocytoma | malignant tumor of astrocyte (glial brain cells) |
| dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patients with Parkinsons |
| gait | manner of walking |
| occlusion | blockage |
| palliative | releiving symptoms but not curing them |
| thymectomy | removal of the thymus gland, used in treatment of myasthenia gravis |
| tic | involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of face, (tourette) |
| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | samples of CSF are examined |
| cerebral angiography | xray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material(in thigh) |
| computed tomography of the brain (CT) | xray technique that generates computerized multiple imshes of the brain and spinal cord |
| myelography | xray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space |
| magnetic resonance imaging MRI | magnetic field and pulse of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord |
| positron emission tomography scan (PET) | radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic actyivity of cells, info about brain cells |
| doppler ultrasound studies | sound waves detect blood flow in the cartoid and intracranial arteries |
| electroencephalography EEG | recording of the electrical activity of the brain |
| lumbar puncture LP | CSF is withdtrawn from between two lumbar vertabrae for analysis |
| steiotactic radiosurgery | use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain, inaccessible brain tumors and abnormal blood vessels |
Created by:
katwhitworth
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