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Nasal Cavities
The anatomy of the nasal cavities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the vestibule of the nasal cavities? | The slightly expanded anterior part of the nose just posterior to the nares and anterior to the limen nasi |
| What is the limen nasi? | It is a line that marks the transition from stratified squamous epithelium to respiratory epithelim of the respiratory region |
| What separates the nasal cavity from the: oral cavity; cranial cavity; each other? | The hard palate; frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones; nasal septum |
| What is the the repiratory region? | Most of the nasal cavity is lined with respiratory epithelium (except the roof, which is olfactory epithelium); covers conchae, meatus, and floor |
| The underlying lamina propia contains which types of cells? | Numerous seromucous glands |
| The mucous membranes of the nasal cavities are continuous with what other mucous membranes around the skull? | nasopharynx, paranasal air sinuses, and conjunctiva of the eye (via nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal canaliculi) |
| What is the cavernous plexus? Where is it located? | The complex of conchae in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity that is very thick and vascularized |
| What is the purpose of the mucous secretions of the respiratory region? | To warm and humidify the air entering |
| In which direction is the mucus actively moved? What moves it? | Moved continually towards the nasopharynx by ciliary action; palatal movements transfer mucus and entrapped particles to the oropharynx for swallowing |
| What two factors contribute to a stuffed up nose? | Swollen vascularized tissue in the cavernous plexus of the nasal cavity as well as increased mucous production |
| What is the olfactory region lined with? | Highly specialized epithelium containing the peripheral receptors for olfactory sensation |
| What parts of the nose comprise the olfactory region? | Dorsal part of nasal cavity (including upper posterior parts of lateral dorsal wall, back of superior nasal concha, sphenoethmoidal recess, upper part of nasal septum, and roof of the nose) |
| What three structures distinguish the lateral walls of the nasal cavities? | Nasal conchae, meatuses, and sphenoethmoidal recess |
| What are the nasal conchae? | Three shelf like projections of the lateral wall (superior, middle, inferior) |
| What bones contribute to the nasal conchae? | The superior and middle conchae are parts of the ethmoid bone; inferior concha is a separate bone |
| What are the meatuses of the nasal cavity? | Spaces beneath the conchae (superior, middle, and inferior meatuses) |
| What is the sphenoethmoidal recess? | The space ABOVE the superior nasal conchae |
| What is the Ethmoid bulla? | Rounded elevation of the ethmoid bone below and behind the middle cranial concha; contains the middle ethmoid air cells |
| * * What is the Semilunar hiatus? | Semicircular groove below the ethmoidal bulla; formed by the mucosa as it spans a defect in the wall between ethmoid bulla and uncinate process below |
| What is the infundibulum of the nasal cavity? | Funnel shaped anterior end of the hiatus semilunaris; curves up and continues as the frontonasal duct through anterior end of ethmoidal labyrinth to open into frontal sinus |
| How do the fibers of the olfactory nerve reach the cranial nerve? | Through the perforations in the cribiform plate |
| Where is the foramen cecum? Why is it significant? | It is an opening between the nasal cavities and the cranial cavity; sometimes, a nasal vein and the superior sagital sinus connect though it (part of danger triangle of the face-->nose infection = meningitis) |
| Where is the sphenopalatine foramen? Why is it significant (i.e. what passes through it?) | Superior to the attachment of posterior end of middle nasal concha; sphenopalatine artery (from maxillary artery), nasopalatine nerve (from V2), and upper posterior nasal nerves (from V2) |
| Where is the incisive canal? What passes through it? | Lies immediately lateral to the nasal septum and opens into the incisive fossa in the roof of the oral cavity; nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery (terminal branch) |
| * What is the largest vessel supplying the nasal cavity? | The sphenopalatine artery |
| What is the sphenopalatine artery a branch of? | It is a terminal branch of the maxillary artery |
| Where does the sphenopalatine artery enter from? | Enters through the sphenopalatine foramen |
| Where do the posterior lateral nasal branches of the sphenopalatine artery anastomose? | Branches of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries and lateral nasal branches of the facial artery; posterior septal branches anastomose with the terminal end of the greater palatine artery and septal branches of the superior labial artery |
| What artery supplies the anterior medial wall and adjacnet floor of the nasal cavity? | The greater palatine artery |
| What structure does the greater palatine cross through to enter the nasal cavity? | Terminal end enters incisive fossa and anastomoses with septal branch of the sphenopalatine artery |
| From what artery do the superior labial and lateral nasal arteries branch off from? | The facial artery |
| What do the septal and alar branches of the superior labial and lateral nasal arteris supply? | Vestibule of the nose |
| Where does the greater palatine artery enter the oral cavity? | The greater palatine foramen |
| Where do the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries originate from? | From the orbit (from the opthalmic artery) |
| How do the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries enter the cranial cavity? | Immediately lateral and superior to the cribiform plate of the ethmoid |
| What portions of the nasal cavity does the posterior ethmoidal artery supply? | The upper parts of the medial and lateral walls |
| What does the anterior ethmoidal artery supply? | Septal and lateral walls of the anterior nasal cavity |
| What nerve does the anterior ethmoidal artery pass forward with? | The anterior ethmoidal nerve |
| What nerve provides the sense of smell for the nasal cavity? | The olfactory nerve |
| What nerve(s) provide the general sensation of the nasal cavity? | Branches of the opthalmic (V1) and Maxillary nerves (V2) |
| What two branches does the opthalmic nerve (V1) provide for innervating the nasal cavity? | The anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves |
| Where does the anterior ethmoidal nerve enter the nasal cavity? | Via the ethmoidal nerve |
| What nerve supplies the anterior ethmoidal air cells? | The anterior ethmoidal nerve |
| * Drescribe the course of the anterior ethmoidal nerve | Anterior ethmoidal foramen-->cranial cavity-->nasal slit-->nasal cavity-->leaves nasal cavity as EXTERNAL NASAL BRANCH |
| Name the areas supplied by the anterior ethmoidal nerve | Middle and anterior ethmoidal air cells; meninges; nasal septum and lateral walls; skin of the lower half of the nose |
| Where does the posterior ethmoidal nerve enter the nasal cavity? | IT DOESN'T (trick question); it enters the posterior ethmoidal foramen and sends sensory fibers to the sphenoidal air sinuses and the posterior ethmoidal air cells |
| What are the four branches of the maxillary nerve that supply the nasal wall? | Upper posterior nasal branches, nasopalatine nerve, lower posterior nasal nerves, branch from the anterior superior alveolar branch of the infraorbital nerve |
| Describe the path of the upper posterior nasal branches | Enter the nasal cavity via the sphenopalatine foramen-->supply the posterior portions of the lateral walls and nasal septum |
| What structures does the upper posterior nasal nerve from the maxillary nerve supply? | The posterior portions of the lateral walls and nasal septum |
| Where does the nasopalatine nerve arise from? Where does it end? | From the maxillary (V2) nerve; exits from the sphenopalatine foramen to enter nasal cavity; stays mostly posterior and sends branches anteriorly along SEPTUM (not wall), ending behind the incisors |
| Where do the lower posterior nasal nerves originate from? | From the greater palatine nerve as it descends in the greater palatine canal; pass through small bony foramina to enter the nasal cavity and supply the lower posterior parts of the lateral walls |
| What does the branch of the anterior superior alveolar branch of the infraorbital nerve supply? | Lateral wall near the anterior end of the inferior nasal concha |
| Where are the following paranasal sinuses relative to the orbit: frontal, maxillary, ethmoid air cells, spheoidal sinuses | Frontal: superior; maxillary: inferior to the orbit; ethmoidal air cells: medial to the orbit; sphenoidal sinuses: posterior to the orbit |
| What is the nerve and blood supply of the frontal sinus? | Nerve: supraorbital nerve; blood: anterior ethmoidal artery |
| Dental infections from the upper molars may spread to what paranasal sinus? | The maxillary sinuses |
| Where is the only opening of the maxillary sinus? How can you drain it best? | The opening to the middle nasal meatus; best drained by lying on opposite side (can't drain when standing up erect) |
| What is the nerve and blood supply of the frontal sinus? | Superior alveolar and infraorbital nerve; superior alveolar and infraorbital arteries |
| What is the ethmoidal labyrinth? | A complex between the anterior, middle, and posterior ethmoidal air cells |
| * Why are infections of the ethmoidal air cells so serious? | They can break through the fragile wall separating them from the orbit and cause damage to the optic nerve-->blindness |
| Where will an infection in the maxillary sinus spill over into? | The middle nasal meatus of the nose (via the oppening into the middle nasal meatus) |
| What is the nerve supply to the ethmoidal air cells? Blood supply? | Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves, orbital branches of the maxillary nerve. Blood: anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries |
| * Where does the maxillary sinus drain? | Middle meatus (hiatus semilunaris) |
| * Where does the frontal sinus drain? | Middle meatus (infundibulum via the frontonasal duct) |
| * Where do the ethmoidal air cells drain? | Anterior cells: Middle meatus (infundibulum); middle cells: middle meatus (top of ethmoidal bulla); posterior cells: superior meatus |
| * Where do the sphenoid sinuses drain? | Sphenoethmoidal recess |
| Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain? | The inferior meatus |
Created by:
karkis77
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