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A&P Midterm II
Ch 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is blood made up of? | plasma and formed elements |
| What is the percentage of blood in the body? | 8% |
| What are the percentages of plasma and formed elements in the blood? | Plasma is 55% ad formed elements are 45% |
| What is the breakdown in % of what is present in plasma? | Plasma is made up of 6% proteins, 92% water, and 2% other solutes |
| What is the breakdown in number per cubic mm of what the formed elements are made up of? | Formed elements are made up of Platelets (250-400 thousand), Leukocytes (5-9 thousand), Erythrocytes (4.2-5.8 million) |
| Proteins in the plasma of the blood are made up of what? | Albumins- 58%, Globulins- 38%, Fibrinogen- 4% |
| The other solutes in plasma are made up of what? | Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances |
| The leukocytes in the formed elements of the blood are made up of? | Neutrophils (60-70%), lymphocytes (20-25%), monocytes (3-8%), Eosinophils (2-4%), Basophils (0.5-1%) |
| What is another name for RBC's? | erythrocytes |
| What is the primary component of RBC's? | hemoglobin |
| What is the most numerous of the formed elements? | RBC's |
| RBCs’ critical role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide depends on what? | hemoglobin |
| What is an enzyme in RBCs that catalyzes a reaction that joins carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid? | Carbonic anhydrase |
| What dissociates and generates bicarbonate ions, which diffuse out of the RBC and serve to transport carbon dioxide in the blood plasma? | carbonic acid |
| Hemoglobin is made up of four __ chains, each attached to a __ molecule. | globin, heme |
| Within each RBC are approximately how many molecules of hemoglobin? | 200 to 300 million |
| What is a decrease in number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood? | anemia |
| What is the entire process of RBC formation called? | Erythropoiesis |
| What is the mother cell of RBCs? | Rubriblast |
| RBCs are created and destroyed at a rate of approximately how many per minute in an adult? | 100 million |
| What operates to balance number of cells formed against number of cells destroyed? | homeostatic mechanisms |
| What is the average life span of a circulating RBC? | 105 to 120 days |
| When Hemoglobin is broken down what are released? | amino acids, iron, and bilirubin |
| What is the condition called when In response to decreased blood oxygen, the kidneys release erythropoietin, which stimulates erythrocyte production in the red bone marrow? | Polycythemia |
| Another name for white blood cells is? | leukocytes |
| When leukocytes are increased what is it called? | leukocytosis |
| When leukocytes are decreased what is it called? | leukopenia |
| What are the three types of granulocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| What are the two types of agranulocytes? | lymphocytes, monocytes |
| What are neutrophils? | Cells that make up approximately 65% of total WBC count in a normal blood sample; highly mobile and very active phagocytic cells; capable of Emigration; during bacterial infection; cytoplasmic granules contain lysosomes |
| What are increases in neutrophils called? | neutrophilia |
| What are decreases in neutrophils called? | neutropenia |
| What type of of WBC are increased during acute bacterial infections? | Neutrophils |
| What percentage of WBC do eosinophils make up? | 2-4% |
| Where are eosinophils numerous in number? | respiratory and digestive tracts |
| What are eosinophils capable of ingesting? | inflammatory chemicals and proteins associated with antigen-antibody reaction complexes |
| What do eosinophils provide protection against? | infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions |
| What is an increase in eosinophils called? | Eosinophilia |
| Which WBC account for 0.5-1% of circulating WBCs? | Basophils |
| What is contained in Basophils cytoplasmic granules? | Histamine and heparin |
| What is an increase in Basophils called? | Basophilia |
| What is the smallest of the WBCs? | lymphocytes |
| What is the second most numerous WBC accounting for approximately 25% of circulating WBCs? | lymphocytes |
| What are 2 types of lymphocytes? | T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes |
| What are T lymphocytes function? | T lymphocytes directly attack an infected or cancerous cell (cell mediated immunity) |
| What are B lymphocytes function? | B lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens (humeral immunity). |
| What increases lymphocytes? | they increase in viral and fungal infections |
| What is an increase in lymphocytes called? | lymphocytosis |
| What is a decrease in lymphocytes called? | Lymphopenia |
| What is the largest leukocyte? | monocytes |
| What are mobile and highly phagocytic WBCs? | monocytes |
| Why do WBC have clinical significance? | because they change with certain abnormal conditions |
| Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and a few lymphocytes and monocytes generate where? | red bone marrow |
| Most lymphocytes and monocytes develop from hemoietic stem cells where? | lymphatic tissue |
| What is another name for platelets? | Thrombocytes |
| What are three important properties of platelets? | agglutination, adhesiveness, and aggregation |
| What formed element of blood as the important role of hemostasis and blood coagulation? | platelets |
| What is formed when "sticky platelets" form physical plug and secrete several chemicals involved in the coagulation process ending in deposition of fibrin on top of the platelet plug? | platelet fibrin plug (thrombus) |
| What is the time period for the formation and life span of platelets? | 7-10 days |
| Where are platelets formed and how? | red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen by fragmentation of megakaryocytes |
| What is blood type A according to antigens present? | Type A- antigen A on RBC (antibody against Antigen B) |
| What is blood type B according to antigens present? | Type B —antigen B on RBC (antibody against Antigen A) |
| What is blood type AB according to antigen present? | Type AB —both antigen A and antigen B on RBC; known as universal recipient (no antibodies) |
| What is blood type O according to antigen present? | Type O —neither antigen A nor antigen B on RBC; known as universal donor (antibodies against Antigens A & B) |
| What does it mean to have Rh-positive blood? | Rh antigen is present on the RBCs |
| What does it mean to have Rh-positive blood? | RBCs have no Rh antigen present |
| What kind of antibodies are not normally present in blood? | Anti-Rh antibodies |
| When can anti-Rh antibodies appear? | When Rh-negative blood has come in contact with Rh-positive RBCs |
| What is the liquid part of blood; clear, straw-colored fluid; made up of 90% water and 10% solutes? | Plasma |
| What makes up 6%-8% of plasma solutes? | proteins |
| What are the three main compounds of proteins and what do they do? | Albumins- help maintain osmotic balance of body; Globulins- essential component of the immunity mechanism; fibrinogen- key role in blood clotting |
| What do plasma proteins have an essential role in maintaining? | normal blood circulation |
| What is the mechanism of thrombus formation? | goal of coagulation is to stop bleeding and prevent loss of vital body fluid in a swift and sure method; the “classic theory” |
| What are 4 components critical to thrombus formation? | Prothrombin (inactive form), Thrombin, Fibrinogen (inactive form), Fibrin (end product needed for the thrombus formation) |
| There are three stages to blood clotting, what is stage I? | injury to the blood vessel wall (endothelial cells) |
| What is stage II of blood clotting? | conversion of prothrombin to thrombin |
| What is stage III of blood clotting? | conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and production of a thrombus (platelet fibrin plug)- the solid mass that stops bleeding |
| What is a physiological mechanism that dissolves fibrin? | fibrinolysis |
| WHat is an enzyme in the blood that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fibrin, causing it to dissolve (enzyme that dissolves fibrin)? | Fibrinolysin |
Created by:
courtney.marie23
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