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MCAT - The Cell
Kaplan MCAT Biology Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | All living things are composed of cells - The cell is the basic functional unit of life - Cells arise only from pre-existing cells - Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA |
| What are the 3 primary tools used to study cells? | Microscopy, Autoradiography, Centrifugation |
| What are the 3 primary types of microscopes | Compound light microscope, Phase contrast microscope, Electron microscope |
| What controls the amount of light passing through specimens using compound light microscopy | diaphragm |
| Which types of microscopes are used to observe nonliving specimens | Compound light microscopes and electron microscope |
| What type of microscope is used to observe living specimens | Phase contrast microscope |
| Autoradiography uses what to trace and identify cell structures and biochemical activity | radioactive molecules |
| What cellular process is autoradiography used to study | protein synthesis - by labeling amino acids with radioactive isotopes DNA & RNA synthesis specifically |
| cell mixtures are separated in centrifugation by what quality | cell type/density |
| cell fragments are separated in centrifugation based on _______ | density |
| Prokaryotic DNA | circular - concentrated in nucleoid region |
| Smaller rings of DNA | plasmids - contain just a few genes |
| A purpose of plasmids | allow cell to survive adverse conditions - explanation for antibiotic resistance |
| Where does respiration occur in the prokaryotic cell | cell membrane |
| Centrioles are found in ______ cells | eukaryotic animal |
| Cytosol contents | free proteins, nutrients,solutes, cytoskeleton |
| Purpose of cytoskeleton | give cell shape and anchor organelles aid in cell maintenance and intracellular transport |
| Organelles | endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, microbodies, mitochondria, chloroplasts, centrioles |
| Cholesterol molecules in phospholipid bilayer purpose | cell fluidity |
| transport proteins | membrane-spanning proteins that allow certain ions to pass through |
| cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) | proteins that contribute to cell recognition and adhesion - important during development |
| Receptors | glycoproteins that bind to specific molecules in the cell's external environment - may carry molecule into cell by pinocytosis |
| DNA is complexed with structural proteins called __________ to form _________ | histones; chromosomes |
| Where is rRNA synthesized | nucleolus |
| What is the site of protein production | ribosomes |
| Where are ribosomes synthesized | mucleolus |
| What is the smooth ER involved in | lipid synthesis and etoxification of drugs and poisons |
| What pH are the enzymes of lysosomes maximized at? | pH 5 |
| What are the 2 types of microbodies | peroxisomes and glyoxysomes |
| What is the role of peroxisomes | contain oxidative enzymes that catalye a class of reactions in which peroxide is produced - break down fats into smaller molecules |
| Where are glyoxysomes found and what is their role | found in fat tissue of germinating seedlings - used to convert fats into sugars until seedling is mature enought to produce its own sugar |
| What is the site of aerobic respiration | mitochondria |
| What are the characteristics of the outer membrane of mitochondria | smooth and acts as a sieve - allowing molecules to pass on basis of size |
| What is the area between outer and inner membrane of mitochondria called | intemembrane space |
| What are the characteristics of the intermembrane space | many convolutions called cristae, high protein content - contains many of the proteins of the electron transport chain |
| What is the area bound by inner membrane of mitochondria called | mitochondrial matrix |
| What is the site of many of the reactions of respiration | mitochondrial matrix |
| How do mitochondria differ from other organelles | they are semiautonomus - they contain their own DNA (circular) and ribosomes, they self replicate by binary fission |
| What type of cells have cell walls? | Plants and fungi |
| What are centrioles composed of? | microtubules |
| Role of centriole | spindle organization during cell division - direct separation of chromosomes |
| Where are the centrioles? | Animals have a pair of centrioles that are oriented at right angles to one another in a region called the centrosome |
| What type of cells have centrioles? | animal cells |
| Microtubules | hollow rods made of polymerized tubulins that radiate throughout the cell and provide support |
| What provides the framework for organelle movement? | microtubules |
| What are cilia and flagella specialized arrangements of? | microtubules |
| Microfilaments | solid rods of actin involved in cell movement and support |
| Muscle contraction based on interaction between what | actin and myosin |
| What moves materials across plasma membrane | microfilaments |
| intermediate filaments | collection of fibers involved in maintenace of cytoskeletal integrity |
| In what ways can substances move in and out of a cells | simple diffusion (osmosis), facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis |
| Simple diffusion | net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient (high to low) |
| Which modes of transport of materials in and out of cells are passive processes? | simple diffusion (osmosis), and facilitated diffusion |
| Osmosis | simple diffusion of water |
| hypertonic solution | describes the medium when cytoplasm has lower solute concentration than extracellular medium |
| If the medium is hypertonic, water will... | flow out of cell, causing cell to shrink |
| hypotonic solution | describes the medium when cytoplasm has higher solute concentration than the extracellular medium |
| If the medium is hypotonic, water will.... | flow into the cell, causing it to sell |
| When concentrations of medium and cytoplasm are equal, the cell and medium are said to be | isotonic - no net flow of water |
| Facilitated diffusion | net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins |
| Active transport | net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins |
| What maintains the membrane potentials in specialized cells such as neurons | active transport |
| What are the 4 basic types of tissue | epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue |
| epithelial tissue | covers surfaces of body and lines the cavities; protects against injury, invasion and desiccation; involved in absorption, secretion and sensation |
| Connective tissue involved in... | involved in body support |
| What is included in connective tissue | bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood |
| Nervous tissue | conposed of specialized cells (neurons) that are involved in the perception, processing, and storage of information |
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Viruses | acellular structure composed of nucleic acid enclosed by a protein coat |
| Nucleic acid of viruses can be either _____ or _______ | linear or circular |
| protein coat of a virus | capsid |
| Bacteriophages | Viruses that infect bacteria |
Created by:
susanivey
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