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Lecture Ch. 22
The Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| main function of the respiratory system | supply O2 to the cells and remove CO2 from thh body |
| P component of the resp system | Pulmonary ventilation-breathing-air in and out of lungs |
| T component of the resp system | Transport-movement of gases between the lungs and cells by the blood |
| I component of the resp system | Internal respiration-exchange of gases between blood and cells |
| E component of the resp system | external respiration-gas exchange between the air and the blood |
| where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli | respiratory zone |
| passageways only...no gas exchange---cleanse humidify and warm the incoming air | conducting zone |
| Nose | external nose and nasal cavity |
| nostrils or nares | external openings only |
| bridge | formed by the nasal bones and rest of external nose is cartilage |
| divides the nasal cavity into right and left | nasal septum |
| separates the nasal and oral cavities | palate...anterior-hard palate--posterior--soft palate |
| nasal cavity line with what type of tissue | PCCE with goblet cells |
| tisssue beneath the nasal mucosa | vasucal and bleeds easily |
| located on the LATERAL walls of the nasal cavity | nasal conchae |
| cause turbulence and increase surface area. clean warn and humidfy the air | nasal conchae |
| surround the nasal cavity and drain into it | paranasal sinuses |
| inflammation of nasal mucosa | rhinitis |
| inflammation of sinuses | sinusitis |
| extends from the nasal cavity to the esophagus and larynx | the pharynx (throat) |
| posterior to the nasal cavity | nasopharynx |
| prevent food and liquid from entering | soft palate rises and closes the nasopharynx |
| contains ppharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and openings the the pharyngotympanic tubes which drain the middle ear | nasopharynx |
| location of the oropharynx | posterior to the oral cavity extends from the soft palate to the top of the epiglottis |
| contains palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsil | oropharynx |
| tissue of the oropharynx | startified squamous epithelium |
| from the top of epiglottis to the laryngeal and esophaeal openings | laryngopharynx |
| main function of the larynx (voicebox) | route air and food to proper channels. produces the voice |
| larynx is made of waht | 9 cartilages connected by ligaments and memranes |
| cartilages of the larynx | thyroid cartilage-shield shaped--adams apple AND cricoid cartilage-ring below thyroid cartilage--attached to top of trachea |
| attaches to the top of thyroid cartilage | epiglottis-swallowing pulls the larynx superiorly and the epiglottis covers the laryngeal inlet |
| food or liquid in the larynx causes the cough reflect which only works when conscious T or F | TRUE |
| inflammation of the larynx | laryngitis...causes hoarseness |
| air forced out between the coval cords creates voice. The tension on the cocal ligaments can be varied. T or F | TRUE |
| type of tissue above vocal cords...what is below the cords? | above-simple squamous epithelium...below-respiratory mucosa |
| mucosa that covers the vocal ligaments | true vocal cords or vocal folds. |
| the true vocal cords, and opeing in between them is called | the glottis |
| extends from the larynx to the main bronchi | the trachea (windpipe) |
| ciliated mucosa in the trachea...what does smoking do? | smoking impairs and destroys the cilia |
| C-shaped cartilage rings in the tracheal wall | precent collapse and allow the esophagus to bluge into the posterior aspect of the trachea when food is swallowed |
| branch point is called | carina...irritation causes the cough relfex |
| right and left bronchi | enter the hilum of each lung |
| right bronchi is more vertical and likely for foreign objects to lodge here T or F | TRUE |
| go to each lobe of the lungs. 2 left 3 on right | lobar bronchi |
| go to the segments of each lobe | segmental bronchi |
| smallest airways and less than 1 mm in diameter. The entire network of airways is called the bronchial tree | bronicoles |
| as airways become smaller, they contain relatively less cartilage, more smooth muscle, and fewer cilia. The bronchiles contain no cartilage and thus can collase. T or F | TRUE |
| contain alveoli (air sacs) | repiratory zone structure |
| tissue of the walls of alveoli | simple squamous epithelia cells |
| alveolar wall + capillariy wall form | respiratory membrane...O2 and CO2 pass through by simple diffusion. O2 moves into the blood and CO2 moves out |
| these remove bacteria in the bronchi | alveolar macrophages |
| how many lobes does the right lung have? left lung? | right-2 superior and inferior; left-3 superior middle and inferior |
| each lobe of the lung is divided into | segments-each segment has its own bronchus and vessels |
| apex of the lung; base of the lung | superior tip; suface that rests on diaphragm |
| each lung is suspended w/in its own pleural cavity | TRUE |
| the lung root contains the main bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves and lymphatics tha tenter and exit the lung. These structures enter the lung at the hilum | TRUE |
| lungs innervated by what kind of fibers | motor |
| bronchioles are constrictued by the what fibers and dilated by what fibers | parasymphathetic ...dilated by symphathetic |
| the parietal pleura covers the | thoracic wall, diaphragm, fibrous pericardium |
| visceral pleura covers | external lung surface following its contours and fissures |
| space between the pleural layers and contains a small amout of pleural fluid | pleural cavity |
| keeps the pleural surfaces together and the lung expanded | no air in the pleural space |
| excess pleural fluid | pleural effusion |
| the parietal pleura cocvers the thoracic wall the diaphragm the fibrous pericardium | true |
| the visceral pleura covers the external lung surface following its contours and fissures | true |
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