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government77
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| monetary policy | control of the spply of money and cost of credit |
| fiscal policy | govt use of taxing/spending to impact business activity |
| functions of money | serves as a: form of exchange, store of value/wealth, measure of value |
| externality | an unintended side effect of an action affecting someone not involved in the action |
| market activities in which govt regulation is needed | advertising/product labels, natural monopolies, product safety |
| monopoly | when a market is controlled by a single provider of a good or service |
| stock exchange | a specific location where shares of stock are bought and sold |
| 3 tax classifications | progressive, regressive, proportional |
| deficit | when a govt spends more than it collects |
| debt | all the money a govt has borrowed and not repaid |
| surplus | when a govt spends less than what it collects |
| appropriations | legislation that sets aside money for spending on specific areas or programs |
| central bank | Federal Reserve System for the United States |
| examples of public goods | park, community pool, highways |
| inflation | sustained increase in the general level of prices |
| ways Fed serves as the nation's bank | holds government's money, manages nation's currency, sells US govt bonds/ Treasury bills |
| antitrust | legislation designed to prevent new monopolies from forming and monitor those that already exist |
| progressive | a tax that takes a larger percentage of income as income increases |
| regressive | a tax that goes down as you make more money (smaller percentage of income) |
| examples of private goods | insurance, telephone, medical services |
| discretionary spending | government expenditures that must be approved each year |
| example of positive externality | keeping your yard clean not only raises your houses worth but it also raises the worth of your neighbors home. |
| example of negative externality | a company/someone may dump chemicals into the water. This is bad forteh environment like nature, but also people because they might need to drink out of that. |
| precinct | basic local voting district |
| plank | individual parts of a party's platform |
| political party | a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct govt, etc. |
| types of political party systems | one-party, two-party, and multi-party |
| splinter | a type of third party that breaks away from one of the major parties |
| canvassing | when a candidate or campaign workers go door to door seeking support or trying to spread a political message |
| examples of countries with one-parties | China, North Korea, and Iran |
| types of third parties | splinter, ideological, single-issue |
| public opinion | ideas and attitudes that most people hold about a particular issue or person |
| platform | statement of political party's beliefs, principles, etc. |
| examples of countries with multiparty systems | Germany, France, and Italy |
| function/role of political parties | carrying the people's message, campaigning for candidates, and acting as a watchdog |
| specific interests for narrow groups | environmental, agricultural, and labor interest groups |
| political machine | a political party organization that controls political appointments and delivers votes |
| features of public opinion | stability, direction, and intensity |
| sources of public opinion | Mass Media, Personal Background, Public Officials, adn Interest Groups |
| qualifications to vote in the US | US citizen, resident of that state, and you cannot be a convicted felon |
| interest group | organization of people with common goals who try to influence government decisions |
| lobbyist | representative of an interest group |
| qualifications to vote in colonial America | landowner, adult male, and white |
| negative aspect of interest groups | interest groups have too much influence and they only care about the issues for them and their group and too much say in government |
| recall | an election where citizens vote to remove an elected official from office |
| one party | North Korea and communist |
| multiparty | Italy and combines third parties to try to control the government |
| examples of third parties (Progressive, Free-Soil, and Prohibitionist Parties) | allowed people to have a more direct role in the govt (initiative and referendum), supported no spread of slavery in the new states (30s, 40s, and 50s), and banned the sale of alcohol (1872) |
| 3 reasons why we do not vote | too much work, don't meet requirements, not registered, illiterate, disabled, do not care, too much time, and don't represent our feelings on issues |
| 3 reasons why we vote | so our voice is heard, care on how govt is run, believe govt listens to people, express opinions |
| statute | law written by legislative body |
| felony | a serious crime |
| misdemeanor | crime that is a minor offense |
| Code of Hammurabi | the first known written law code in history |
| characteristics of good law | reasonable, enforceable, and fair |
| exclusionary rule | the principle that any evidence seized illegally by police cannot be used in court |
| family law issues | divorce, child support, and adoption |
| Gideon vs Wainright | The Supreme Court decision in this case declared states must provide an attorney if a defendant is too poor to afford one |
| arraignment | hearing in which a suspect is charged adn pleads guilty or not guilty |
| acquittal | a vote of not guilty |
| plaintiff | person/party bringing charges in a suit or case |
| loss of civil rights for convicted felons | rigt to: vote, own a firearm, and serve on a jury |
| examples of felonies | using a firearm to rob someone |
| amendments that guarantee rights of the accused | fourth, fifth, and eighth |
| Mapp vs Ohio | Supreme Court ruling that established the exclusionary rule applies to states; evidence illegally obtained cannot be used in court |
| Miranda vs Arizona | This Supreme Court decision established police must inform suspects of their rights upon arrest |
| example of a misdemeanor | trespassing on a persons property |
| New Jersey vs TLO | Supreme Court ruled school officials need only resonable suspicion, rather than probable cause to search a student or his/her property on school grounds |
| tort(negligence) lawsuit (civil wrongs) | worker is killed on the job when equipment fails |
| writ of habeas corpus | right to know why he/she is being held |
| exclusionary rule | developed because of the unreasonable search/seizure (4th) |
| torts | civil wrongs for which a person can sue |
| crime | violation of a law that hurts a person or society |
| New Jersey vs TLO (detailed) | TLO was seen by a teacher smoking in the labratory. The assistant principal checked her purse and found cigarettes, matches, pipe, and marajuana. They went to court and it was 6-3. |
| continued tlo | She was found guilty and the judges established a new idea based off of the 4th amendment saying you only need reasonable cause in school to check their things. In government you need probable cause so this way, now kids can't get away with as much. |
| Gideon v Wainwright | Gideon was accused fo stealing/robbery. He wasn't able to afford a lawyer, so he went to court without one, was guilty. Later he appealed this to the Supreme Court, they agreed and he was released due to the 6th amendment. |
| continued g v w | Even though you are poor everyone should be treated equally and if you can't pay for a lawyer, the state must provide one. |
| market | place where exchange of goods and services occurs |
| stock | shares of partial ownership in a company |
| strike | workers in a union refuse to go to work |
| capitalism | economic system of the US; economic system in which private citizens own and use factors of production to seek a profit |
| 6 features that make capitalism work | market, economic freedom, private property rights, competition, profit motive, and voluntary exchange |
| type of businesses | proprietorship, partnership, corporation |
| credit | borrowing money to pay for something now while promising to repay it later |
| competition | struggle between buyers and sellers to get the best products at the lowest prices |
| social responsibility | the obligation a business has to pursue goals that benefit society as well as themselves |
| financial capital | $ used to buy the tools and equipment used in production |
| bankruptcy | inability to pay debts |
| boycott | refusal to buy certain goods/services from a specific business |
| collateral | property that a borrower pledges as security for a loan |
| Adam Smith | THE WEALTH OF NATIONS, which described the philosophy behind capitalism, was written by him |
| danger signs of impulse buying | you quickly lose interest in things you buy, you buy things that you do not need, and you buy things that make you feel better |
| free enterprise | economic system allowing businesses/individuals to compete for profit wiht minimum government interference |
| corporation | type of business organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a person |
| consumerism | movement to educate buyers about the purchases they make and to demand better and safer products from manufacturers |
| proprietorship | business owned and operated by a single person |
| voluntary exchange | act of buyers and sellers freely and willingly engaging in market transactions |
| rights of the consumer bill of rights | right to: safe product, be informed, choose from a variety |
| responsible acitons by businesses to customers | selling products that are safe, being truthful in advertising, and treating all customers fairly |
| interest | money that is earned when investing; money that is paid as a fee when borrowing |
| impulse buying | buying something that was based on emotions that wasn't planned. |
| tips for avoiding impulse buying | keep a list when you shop, don't go past the areas you know you'll want things from, and don't carry large amounts of cash with you. |
| business responisbilities to consumers, owners, employees, communities | selling productsthat are safe andtreating customersfairly/community-gifts to charities andvolunteering/owners-release important financial informationregularily/employees-give their workers a safe workplace and trea tall workers fairly w/o discrimination |
| line-item veto | to veto only a specific part of the bill |
| services provided by local govt | school, mail, beaches, public bathrooms, airports, railroads, social service, bus, jobs, law enforcement |
| importance of third parties | brought crucial ideas that helped America be more successful in addressing issues |
| attorney general | top legal officer in state, super in all legal act, serves as a lawyer for the state in cases it is involved in JB Van Holven |
| secretary of state | chief clerk of state govt, in charge of state records adn state documents, manages elections (Doug La Follette) |
| incorporation | receive a state charter, officially recognizing the govt of a locality |
| town meeting | a gathering of local citizens to discuss and vote on important issues |
| township | a subdivision of a county that has its own govt |
| village | smallest unit of local govt |
| special district | a unit of govt that deals w/a specific function, such as education, water supply, or transportation |
| powers reserved to the state and prohibited to the states | 1)no state can be divided/merged w/another state iwthout the states'consent 2) maintain militia 3) administer elections |
| types of decisions made by residents in town meetings | broad policy making (local ordinances, budget, and taxes) |
| setup of state govt outlined by state constitutions | organization of branch, the powers + terms of various offices, and method of election for state officials |
| sources of revenue for state govts | intergovernmental revenue, sales tax, and contributions |
| 3 forms of municipal govt | traffic, juvenile, and small claims courts |
| things demanded and expected of state govts by citizens | better: public transportation, services for disabled/disadvantaged people, and schools, protect environment, regulate business, and reduce crime and drug abuse |
| issues handled by special districts | education, water supply, and transportation |
| services that are provided by local govts | roads, sidewalks, trails, public gardens, garbage, and recycling |
| details regarding tribal organizations with the Wisconsin and the US | ho-chunk, chipowa, potawatami, |
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