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Milady Chapter 6
Chapter 6 - General Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscles that seperate the fingers | Abductors |
| Muscle of the foot that moves the toes and help mantain balance while walking and standing | Abductor hallucis |
| Muscles at the base of each finger that draw the fingers together | Adductors |
| Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones | Anabolism |
| Study of the human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye, and what they are made up of; the science of the structure of organisms, or of their parts. | Anatomy |
| Supplies blood to the side of the nose | Angular Artery |
| Supplies blood to the front part of the ear | Anterior auricular artery |
| See "popliteal artery" | Anterior tibial artery |
| See "deep peroneal nerve" | Anterior tibial nerve |
| Thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries | Arteries |
| The upper thin walled chambers of the heart | Atrium |
| Muscle in the front of the ear that draws the ear forward | Auricularis anterior |
| Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward | Auricularis posterior |
| Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upward | Auricularis superior |
| Affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull | Auriculotemporal nerve |
| The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscules; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart. | Autonomic nervous system |
| The extension of a neuron by which impulses are sent away from the nerve cell | Axon |
| Middle part of the muscle | Belly (muscle) |
| Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm | Bicep |
| Fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins and capillaries). | Blood |
| Group of structures (heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries)that distribute blood throughout the body. | Blood vascular system |
| Groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 10 major systems. | Body systems |
| Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, gland activity, and the power to think and feel emotions. | Brain |
| Affects the muscles of the mouth | Buccal nerve |
| Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips | Buccinator muscle |
| Thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins | Capillaries |
| The involuntary muscle of the heart | Cardiac muscle |
| The wrist; flexible joint composed of a group of eight small, irregular bones held together by ligaments | Carpus |
| The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular movement or digestion | Catabolism |
| Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell | Cell membrane |
| Consists of brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. | Central nervous system |
| Located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone | Cervical cutaneous nerve |
| Affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle | Cervical nerves |
| The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region | Cervial vertebrae |
| System that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels | Circulatory system |
| Collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula | Clavicle |
| Artery that supplies blood to the face, head and neck | Common carotid artery |
| A division of the sciatic nerve that extends from behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches | Common peroneal nerve |
| Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage and tendons | Connective tissue |
| Muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically. | Corrugator muscle |
| An oval, bony case that protects the brain. | Cranium |
| All the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus; the watery fluid that contains food material necessary for growth, reproduction and self-repair of the cell. | Cytoplasm |
| A nerve that extends down the front of the leg, behind the muscles. It supplies impulses to these muscles and also to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes. | Deep peroneal nerve |
| Large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body | Deltoid |
| Tree-like branching of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell; short nerve fibers that cary impulses toward the cell. | Dendrites |
| Muscle surrounding the lower lip; depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side. | Depressor labii inferioris muscle |
| Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdonimal region and helps control breathing. | Disphragm |
| The mouth, stomach, intestine and salivary and gastric glands that change food into nutrients and wastes. | Digestive system |
| A finger or toe. | Digit |
| Nerve that, with its branches, supplies the fingers and toes. | Digital nerve |
| A nerve that extends up from the toes and foot, just under the skin, supplying impulses to toes and foot, as well as the muscles and skin of the leg, where it is called the superficial peroneal nerve or the nusculo-cutaneous nerve. | Dorsal |
| See "dorsal". | Dorsal cutaneous nerve |
| See "popliteal". | Dorsalis pedis artery |
| Ductless glands that release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream. | Endocrine (ductless) glands |
| Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities and health of the entire body. | Endocrine system |
| Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis. | Epicranial aponeurosis |
| The broad muscle that covers the top of the skull consists of the occipitalis and frontalis. | Epicranius |
| Protetive covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes and the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs and glands. | Epithelial tissue |
| Light spongy bone between the eye sockets and forms part of the nasal cavities. | Ethmoid bone |
| Group of organs including the kidneys, liver, skin, intestines and lungs that purify the body by the elimination of waste matter. | Excretory system |
| The act of breathing outward, expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs. | Exhalation |
| Duct glands that produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts, such as the sudoriferous (sweat) glands and the sebaceous (oil) glands. | Exocrine (duct) glands |
| Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line. | Extensors |
| Muscle of the foot that moves the toes and help maintain balance while walking and standing. | Extensor digitorum brevis |
| Muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes. | Extensor digitorum longus |
| Supplies blood to the anterior (front) part of the scalp, ear, face, neck and side of the head | External carotid artery |
| Vein located at the side of the neck that caries blood returning to the heart from the head, face and neck. | External Jugular vein |
| Supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth and nose. | Facial artery |
| A heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee. | Femur |
| The smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. The fibula may be visualized as a "bump" on the little-toe side of the ankle. | Fibula |
| The chief sensory nerve of the face and serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. | Fifth cranial nerve (also known as trifacial or trigeminal) |
| Extensor muscles of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist. | Flexors |
| Muscle of the foot that moves the toes and help maintain balance while walking and standing. | Flexor digitorum brevis |
| Supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids. | Frontal artery |
| Forms the forehead. | Frontal bone |
| Anterior (front) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward and causes wrinkles across the forehead. | Frontalis |
| Muscle that is attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and pulls the foot down. | Gastrocnemius |
| Specialized organs that remove certain constituents from the blood to convert them into new substances. | Glands |
| Located at the side of the neck, affects the face, ears, neck and parotid gland. | Greater auricular nerve |
| Located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head. | Greater occipital nerve |
| Muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system. | Heart |
| Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen. | Hemoglobin |
| Science of the minute structures of organic tissues; microscopic anatomy. | Histology |
| Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body to stimulate a specific activity. | Hormones |
| Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder. | Humerus |
| U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles. | Hyoid Bone |
| Supplies blood to the lower lip. | Inferior labial artery |
| Supplies blood to the muscles of the eye. | Infraorbital artery |
| Affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip and mouth. | Infraorbital nerve |
| Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose. | Infratrochlear nerve |
| The breathing in of air. | Inhalation |
| Part of the muscle at the more movable attachment to the skeleton. | Insertion |
| The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails. | Integumentary system |
| Supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose and internal ear. | Internal carotid artery |
| Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck. | Internal jugular vein |
| Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton. | Joint |
| Small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits (eye sockets). | Lacrimal bones |
| Broad, flat superficial muscle convering the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back, controlling the shoulder blade and the swinging movements of the arm. | Latissimus dorsi |
| Also known as craninus, a muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward. | Levator anguli oris |
| Also known as quadratus labi superioris, a muscle surrounding the upper lip; elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expessing distaste. | Levator labii superioris |
| Body tissue that carries food, waste products and hormones. | Liquid tissue |
| Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide. | Lungs |
| Clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces of the body; carries waste and impurities away from the cells. | Lymph |
| Special structures found inside the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph. | Lymph nodes |
| Body system that acts as an aid to the blood system and consists of the lymph spaces, lymph vessels and lymph glands. | Lymph vascular system |
| Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face. | Mandible |
| Affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip. | Mandibular nerve |
| Muscles that coordinate with the temporalis muscles in opening and closing the mouth and are sometimes referred to as chewing muscles. | Masseter |
| Bones of the upper jaw. | Maxillae (singular; maxilla) |
| Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face. | Maxillary nerve |
| Affects the skin of the lower lip and chin. | Mental nerve |
| Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin. | Mentalis |
| Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. | Metabolism |
| Bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges. | Metacarpus |
| One of three subdivisions of the foot comprised of five bones, which are long and slender, like the metacarpal bones of the hand, help make-up the foot. All three subdivisions comprise 26 bones. | Metatarsal |
| Supplies blood to the temples. | Middle temporal artery |
| Cells dividing into two new cells (daughter cells); the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues. | Mitosis |
| Nerves that carry impulses from the brain to the muscles. | Motor nerves |
| Body system that covers, shapes and supports the skeleton tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body. | Muscular system |
| Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body. | Muscular tissue |
| Science of the nature, structure, function and diseases of the muscles. | Myology |
| Bones that form the bridge of the nose. | Nasal bones |
| Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted. | Nerves |
| Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions. | Nerve tissue |
| Body system composed of the brain, spinal cord and nerves; controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently. | Nervous system |
| Nerve cell; basic unit of the nervous system, consisting of cell body, nucleus, dendrites and axon. | Neuron |
| Science of the structure, function and pathology of the nervous system. | Neurology |
| Also called involuntary or smooth muscle; muscle that functions automatically without conscious will. | Nonstriated muscle |
| Dense, active protoplasm found in the centre of the cell; plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism. | Nucleus |
| Supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown. | Occipital artery |
| Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape. | Occipital bone |
| Back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward. | Occipitalis |
| Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball and nasal passage. | Ophthalmic nerve |
| Ring muscle of the eye socket; enables you to close your eyes. | Orbicularis oculi muscle |
| Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers and wrinkles the lips. | Orbicularis oris muscle |
| Structures composed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions. | Organs |
| Part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle. | Origin |
| Bone | os |
| The study of anatomy, structure and function of the bones. | Osteology |
| Form the floor and outer wall of the nose, roof of the mouth and floor of the orbits. | Palatine bones |
| Supplies blood to the side and crown of the head. | Parietal artery |
| Form the sides and top of the cranium. | Parietal bones |
| Also called the accessary bone, forms the knee cap joint. | Patella |
| Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm | Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor |
| Double-layered membranous sac enclosing the heart | Pericardium |
| System of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; it has both sensory and motor nerves | Peripheral nervous system |
| Muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula. It bends the foot down and out | Peroneus brevis |
| Muscle that covers the outer side of the calf and inverts the foot and turns it outward | Peroneus longus |
| Bones of the fingers or toes (singluar: phalanx) | Phalanges |
| Study of the functions or activities performed by the body's structures | Physiology |
| Fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cell | Plasma |
| Blood cells that aid in the forming of clots | Platelets |
| Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip | Platysma muscle |
| Divides into two seperate arteries known as the anterior tibial and the posterior tibial. The anterior tibial goes to the foot and becomes the dorsalis pedis which supplies the foot with blood | Popliteal artery |
| Supplies blood to the scalp, the area behind and above the ear and the skin behind the ear | Posterior auricular artery |
| Affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull | Posterior auricular nerve |
| See "popliteal artery" | Posterior tibial artery |
| Covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose | Procerus |
| Muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm faces downward. | Pronators |
| Colorless jelly-like substance found inside the cells in which food elements such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present | Protoplasm |
| Blood circulation from heart to lungs to be purified | Pulmonary circulation |
| Artery that supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand | Radial artery |
| Supplies the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand | Radial nerve |
| Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb | Radius |
| Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells | Red blood cells |
| Automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of specific muscles as a response to impulses carried along a motor neuron to a muscle, causing a spontaneous reaction | Reflex |
| Body system responsible for processes by which plants and animals produce offspring. | Reproductive system |
| Act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell | Respiration |
| Body system consisting of the lungs and air passages; enables breathing, supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide wastes | Respiratory system |
| Twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax | Ribs |
| Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back, as in grinning | Risorius |
| Supplies impulses to the skin of the inner side of the leg and foot | Saphenous nerve |
| One of a pair of shoulder blades; a large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder | Scapula |
| Nerves that carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain and pressure are experienced | Sensory (afferent) nerves |
| Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm | Serratus anterior |
| Physical foundation of the body, comprised of 206 bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable and immovable joints | Skeletal system |
| Located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear | Smaller occipital nerve |
| Muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down | Soleus |
| Joins all of the bones of the craninum together | Sphenoid bone |
| The portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal column. | Spinal cord |
| Muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head. | Sternocleidomastoideus |
| Breastbone; flat bone that forms the ventrical(front) support of the ribs | Sternum |
| Also called voluntary or skeletal muscle; muscle that is consciously controlled. | Striated Muscle |
| Supplies blood to the chin and lower lip | Submental Artery |
| A nerve that extends down the leg, just under the skin, supplying impulses to the muscles and the skin of the leg, as well as the skin and toes on top of the foot. | Superficial Peroneal Artery |
| Supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose. | Superior Labial Artery |
| Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward. | Supinator |
| Supplies blood to the eyelid and forehead. | Supraorbital Artery |
| Affects the skin between the eyes and the upper side of the nose. | Supratochlear Nerve |
| Supplies impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg. | Sural Nerve |
| Circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart: also called general circulation. | Systemic Circulation |
| One of three that comprise the ankle joint. The two other bones are the tibia and fibula | Talus |
| One of three subdivisions of the foot comprised of seven bones (talus, calcaneous, navicular, three cuneiform bones, and the cuboid). All three subsections comprise 26 bones | Tarsal |
| Form the sides of the head in the ear region. | Temporal Bone |
| Affects the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid and upper part of the cheek.Temporal Nerve | Temporal muscle: one of the muscles involved in mastication (chewing). |
| The chest; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework of the heart, lungs, and other internal organs | Thorax |
| The larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. The tibia may be visualized as a "bump" on the big -toe -side of the ankle. | Tibia |
| A division of the sciatic nerve that passes behind the knee. It subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscles of the calf, the skin of the leg, and the sole, heel, and underside of the toes. | Tibia Nerve |
| Muscle that covers the front of the shin. It bends the foot upward and inward. | Tibialis Anterior |
| Collection of similast cells that perform a particular function. | Tissue |
| Supplies blood to the skin and masseter. | Transverse Facial Artery |
| Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back; rotates and controls swining movements of the arm. | Trapezius |
| Muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth. | Triangularis |
| Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm. | Tricep |
| Thin layers of spongy bone on either of the outer walls of the nasal depression. | Turbinal Bones |
| Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger. | Ulna |
| Artery that supplies blood to the muscle of the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand. | Ulnar Artery |
| Nerve that affects the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand. | Unlar Nerve |
| Structures that temporarily close a passage, or permit blood flow in one direction only. | Valves |
| Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; veins contain cup-like valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs. | Veins |
| The lower think-walled chambers of the heart. | Ventrical |
| Flat thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum. | Vomer Bone |
| Blood cells that perform the functions of destroying disease-casueing microorganisms. | White Blood Cells |
| Form the prominence of the cheekscheekbones. | Zygomatic / Malar Bones |
| Affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek. | Zygomatic Nerve |
| Muscles extending from the zygrmatic bone to the angle of the mouth; elevate the lip, as in laughing. | Zygomaticus |
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