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CNS2
Everything else you would want to know about the central nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Left hemisphere of cerebral cortex | controls comprehension of spoken & written language, speech production, math and logic |
| Right hemisphere of cerebral cortex | visual-spacial skills, face recognition, intuition, artistic & musical ability |
| People who have left hemisphere dominance | 90% of people, right handed usually |
| People with right hemisphere dominance | 10% of people, tend to be left handed and male |
| Ambidexterous | equal function of hemispheres, sometimes are dyslexic |
| Cerebral peduncles | part of the midbrain, they are visible anteriorly, vertical tracts, they include pyramidal motor tracts |
| Superior cerebellar peduncles | part of the midbrain, visible posteriorly, horizontal tracts, extend to cerebellum |
| Corpora quadrigemina | In midbrain, visible posteriorly, they include superior colliculi and inferior colliculi |
| Substantia nigra | in the midbrain, contain melanin |
| Red nucleus | In midbrain, motor pathways for limb flexion |
| Dura mater | outermost meninges layer. Has periosteal and meningeal layers. |
| Periosteal | part of dura matter, attached to periosteum of skull |
| Meningeal | deep part of the dura mater, extends to dural septa. Includes falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli |
| Falx cerebri | longitudinal fissure of meningeal layer of dura mater |
| Falx cerebelli | along vermis, part of the meningeal layer of dura mater |
| Tentorium cerebelli | over cerebellum into transverse fissure, part of the meningeal layer of dura mater |
| Reticular formation (structure) | three columns of neurons through brainstem (medial to lateral: raphe nuclei, medial group, lateral group) |
| Reticular formation (function) | arousal of brain as a whole |
| RAS | reticular activating system, part of the reticular formation, it sends constant stream of impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it alert; filters out repetetive, familiar or weak sensory imput |
| Arachnoid matter | middle meninges layer, spans sulci; consists of subdural space, subarachnoid space, and arachnoid villi |
| Subdural space | it is the abovemost layer of arachnoid mater |
| Subarachnoid space | part of the arachnoid mater, it is below subdural space; cavity filled with CSF where large blood vessels are located |
| Arachnoid villi | part of the arachnoid mater, it protrudes superiorly into dural sinuses to return CSF to circulatory system |
| Arachnoid and pia mater extend ____ | below L1 and S2 to form a sac containing CSF (lumbar tap) |
| Conus medullaris | cone shaped terminus of spinal cord (L1) |
| Filum terminale | extension of pia from conus medullaris inferiorly to coccyx |
| Cauda equina | collection of nerve roots extending inferiorly from the terminus of the spinal cord |
| White mater of the spinal cord | mostly vertical tracts; posterior, anterior, and lateral funiculi |
| Gray mater core of spinal cord | gray commissure with central canal connects horns of gray mater; dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns (only in thoracic and superior lumbar) |
| Anterior median fissure & posterior median sulcus | roughly divide the spinal cord into left and right |
| Upper motor neurons | part of the descending pathways, they are cell bodies in cerebral cortex or subcortical motor nuclei |
| Lower motor neurons | part of the descending pathways, they are cell bodies in anterior horn, fibers extend to skeletal muscles |
| Descending pathways and tracts (main pathways) | Direct (pyramidal) system, indirect (extrapyramidal) system |
| Direct (pyramidal) system | one of main descending pathways, in pyramidal tracts, don't synapse until reaching the spinal cord |
| Indirect (extrapyramidal) system | one of main descending pathways, all motor pathways outside pyramidal pathways. include: reticulospinal tracts, rubrospinal tracts, tectospinal tracts, vestibulospinal tracts |
| Homeostatic imbalances of spinal cord | trauma induced paralysis, poliomyelitis, ALS |
| Examples of trauma induced paralysis | flaccid paralysis, spastic paralysis, paraplegia, quadriplegia, hemiplegia |
| First step of cerebellar processing | cerebral cortex signals cerebellum of intent to initiate movement |
| Second step of cerebellar processing | sensory info is evaluated by cerebellum to determine body position |
| Third step of cerebellar processing | cerebellar cortex calculates coordination of the movement |
| Fourth step of cerebellar processing | cerebellum sends a "blueprint" for movement to the cerebral cortex and to brainstem motor nuclei via the superior cerebellar peduncles |
| Spinal cord (location and protection) | Extends from foramen magnum to L1 or L2, protected by meninges, bone, and CSF |
| Epidural space | between wall of vertebral foramen and dura |
Created by:
hanalin2
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