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Chapter 16
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The _________ tube begins at the mouth. | Alimentary |
| The alimentary tube begins at the mouth, and ends at the ________. | Anus |
| The teeth, tongue, and salivary glands are ________ organs. | Accesory |
| The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are _________ organs. | Accesory |
| No digestion takes place in the ________ organs. | Accesory |
| Digestion does take place in some organs of the ________ tube. | Alimentary |
| Name the parts of the alimentary tube in which digestion takes place. | Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine. |
| The oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine of the alimentary tube is where __________ takes place. | Digestion |
| In the alimentary tube, most absorption of nutrients takes place in the ___________. | Small intestine |
| Food is changed to simpler molecules during __________ digestion. | Chemical |
| During chemical digestion, food is changed to __________. | Simpler molecules |
| Chemical digestion is accomplished by specific __________. | Enzymes |
| Food is broken down to smaller pieces during _________ digestion. | Mechanical |
| During mechanical digestion food is broken down to __________. | Smaller pieces |
| Mechanical digestion creates more __________ area, for the action of digestive enzymes. | Surface |
| Mouth is the opening for food into the ________. | Oral cavity |
| The superior boundary of the oral cavity is the ___________. | Hard palates |
| Hard palates are the superior boundary of the __________. | Oral cavity |
| Both the teeth and tongue contribute to _________ digestion. | Mechanical |
| Both the teeth and tongue contribute to mechanical digestion by __________. | Chewing |
| An individual developes ______ sets of teeth. | Two |
| The first set of teeth an individual developes is called __________ teeth. | Deciduous |
| If complete, a set of deciduous teeth consits of _______ teeth. | Twenty |
| Deciduous teeth are the _________ set of teeth an individual developes. | First |
| There are Twenty teeth in a complete set of _________ teeth. | Deciduous |
| The second set of teeth a individual developes is called __________ teeth. | Permanent |
| Permanent teeth are the __________ set of teeth an individual developes. | Second |
| A set of permanent teeth, if complete consists of ________ teeth. | 32 |
| There are 32 teeth in a complete set of ________teeth. | Permanent |
| Enamel covers the _______ of a tooth. | Crown |
| The crown of a tooth is covered by _________. | Enamel |
| It is enamel that forms a hard _________ surface. | Chewing |
| Dentin forms the _______ of a tooth. | Root |
| Dentin forms the root of a tooth and the interior of the ________. | Crown |
| The root of the tooth and the interior of the crown is formed by _________. | Dentin |
| The________ cavity contains nerves and blood vessels. | Pulp |
| The pulp cavity contains _______________. | Nerves and blood vessels |
| The ___________ membrane produces a bone like cement to anchor the roots of the tooth. | Periodontal |
| The periodontal membrane produces a bone like _________ to anchor the roots of the tooth. | Cement |
| The __________ membrane lines the tooth sockets in the mandible and maxillae. | Periodontal |
| The tooth sockets in the mandible and maxillae are lined with ___________. | Perodontal membrane |
| The tongue is important for the sense of ________. | Taste |
| The _________ is important for the sense of taste. | Tongue |
| During swallowing the tongue is elevated to push food towards the _________. | Pharynx |
| During swallowing the tongue is elevated to push ________ towards the pharyns. | Food |
| The salivary glands that are located below the floor of the mouth are called __________. | Sublingual |
| The sublingual glands are located on the floor of the _________. | Mouth |
| The salivary glands that are located in front of the ears are called the __________. | Parotid |
| The partid glands are located in front of the _________. | Ears |
| The salivary glands that are located at the posterior corners of the madible called the _____________. | Submandibular |
| The submandibular glands are located at the posterior corners of the ____________. | Mandible |
| The salviary glands are __________ glands. | Exocrine |
| The exocrine glands have a duct that take _________ to the oral cavity. | Saliva |
| The digestive enzyme in saliva is called __________. | Salivary amylase |
| Salivary amylase is the ____________ in saliva. | Enzyme |
| Salivary amylase digests starch to ________. | Maltose |
| Starch is digested to maltose by ____________. | Salivary amylase |
| The water in saliva is important to __________ food. | Dissolve |
| The water in saliva helps dissolve food so it may be __________. | Tasted |
| The water in saliva moistens the food so that it can be ___________. | Swallowed |
| The only eating-related function of the pharynx is ____________. | Swallowing |
| Swallowing is the only eating-related function of the ____________. | Pharynx |
| The ____________ takes food from the pharynx to the stomach. | Esophagus |
| Food is taken from the pharynx to the stomach by the _____________. | Esophagus |
| The circular smooth muscle at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach is called the __________. | Lower esophageal sphincter |
| Where is the lower esophageal sphincter located? | At the junction of the esophagus and the stomach |
| Contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter prevents _________ of food into the esophagus. | Backup |
| Mucosa includes the epitheial tissue that lines the ________. | Organ |
| Mucosa secretes mucus and __________ enzymes. | Digestive |
| Digestive enzymes and mucus are secreted by _________. | Mucosa |
| Mucosa contains lymph nodules to destroy _________. | Pathogens |
| Submucosa is made of __________ connective tissue. | Areolar |
| The submucosa contains __________ plexus. | Meissners |
| Meissners plexus regulates the secretions of the __________. | Mucosa |
| Secretions of mucosa are regulated by __________. | Meissners plexus |
| The external muscle layer is made of ________ layers of smooth muscle. | Two |
| The external muscle is made of two muscle layers of ___________. | Smooth muscle |
| The external muscle layer contains the _________ plexus. | Auerbachs |
| The Auerbachs plexus is located in the ____________ muscle layer. | External |
| The Auerbachs plexus regualtes ___________. | Peristalis |
| Peristalis is regulated by the __________. | Auerbachs plexus |
| The external muscle layer provides __________ digestion. | Mechanical |
| The external muscle layer provides mechanical digestion and __________. | Peristalis |
| Serosa is above the ___________. | Diaphram |
| Serosa is above the diaphram and made of ____________ tissue. | Fibrous connective |
| Serosa below the diaphram is in the ___________. | Menentery |
| The stomach is a sac like portion of the ___________. | Alimentary tube |
| The part of the alimentary tube that is sac like is the __________. | Stomach |
| The stomach extends from the esophagus to the _________ intestine. | Small |
| Some digestion ________ take place in the stomach. | Does |
| The stomach serves as a __________ for food. | Reservoir |
| Stomach is a reservior for food so that digestion takes place ________. | Gradually |
| Folds of the gastric mucosa that are present when the stomach is empty are called _________. | Rugae |
| Rugae is present in the gastric mucosa when _______________. | The stomach is empty |
| The glands of the stomach are called ___________. | Gastric pits |
| Gastric pits are the glands of the ___________. | Stomach |
| Gastric pits secrete ___________. | Gastric juice |
| Gastric juice is the secretion of the ________. | Gastric pits |
| Mucous cells secrete _______. | Mucus |
| Mucus is secreted by ___________ cells. | Mucous |
| Mucous cells secrete mucus to help protect the __________ mucosa. | Gastric |
| Chief cells secrete_____________. | Pepsinogen |
| Pepsinogen is secreted by _________ cells. | Chief |
| Pepsinogen is an inactive form of the enzyme _________. | Pepsin |
| An inactive form of pepsin is called _________. | Pepsinogen |
| Parietal cells secrete _____________. | Hydrochloric acid |
| Hydrochloric acid is secreted by ____________. | Parietal cells |
| Hydrochloric acid ___________ pepsin. | Activates |
| Pepsin is activated by ___________ acid. | Hydorchloric |
| G cells secrete __________. | Gastrin |
| Gastrin is secreted by ___________. | G cells |
| G cells secrete gastrin when _________ enters the stomach. | Food |
| When food enters the stomach G cells secrete ________. | Gastrin |
| Hydrolic acid is the _________ that kills most of the microorganisms that enter the stomach. | Gastric juice |
| The part of gastric juice that digests proteins to polypeptidesis the enzyme ________. | Pepsin |
| Secretion of gastric juice may begin with the sight or smell of ________. | Food |
| Mechanical digestion in the stomach is the function of the __________ layer. | External muscle |
| The _________ sphincter is located at the junction of the pylorus of the stomach and the dueodenum of the small intestine. | Pyloric |
| When the pyloric sphincter contracts, it prevents the ________ of food from the dueodenum to the stomach. | Backup |
| The liver is located just below the __________. | Diaphram |
| The liver is located in the upper right and center of the_____________. | Abdominal cavity |
| The functional unit of the liver is called a liver _________. | Lobule |
| The liver lobule is made of liver cells and the large capillaries called _________. | Sinusoids |
| Between ___________ are branches of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts. | Liver lobules |
| The digestive function of the liver is the production of __________. | Bile |
| Bile contains bile salts that emulsify _______. | Fats |
| Bile leaves the liver through the ________ duct. | Hepatic |
| The hepatic joins the __________ duct of the gallbladder. | Cystic |
| When the hepatic duct joins the cystic duct of the gallbladder it forms the __________ duct. | Common bile |
| The common bile duct carries bile to the dueodenum of the __________ intestine. | Small |
| Bilirubin and excess chloresterol are transported to the intestines to be eliminated in __________. | Feces |
| The gallbladder is located on the undersurface of the ________ lobe of the liver. | Right |
| The gallbladder stores and concentrates ______. | Bile |
| The hormone _______ stimulates production of bile by the liver. | Secretin |
| The hormone ____________ stimulates contraction of the gallbladder. | Chloecystokinin |
| The pancreas is located in the ___________ abdominal cavity. | Upper |
| The pancreas is located between the curve of the duodenum and the _________. | Spleen |
| Enzyme pancreatic juice contains several ________. | Enzymes |
| The enzyme ____________ digests polypeptides to shorter chains of amino acids. | Trypsin |
| The enzyme _________ digests emusified fats to fatty acids and glycerol. | Lipase |
| The enzyme _________ digests starch to maltose. | Amylase |
| Biocarbonate pancreatic juice contains _________ that neutralizes the hydrochloric acid. | sodium bicarbonate |
| Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes hydrolic acid from the stomach to the ___________. | Duodenum |
| The small intestine is coiled within the ____________. | Abdominal cavity |
| The small intestine is encircled by the ______________. | Large intestine |
| The small intestine carries food from the stomach to the ___________. | Large intestine |
| There are _____ parts of the small intestine. | Three |
| The common bile duct enters the _________. | Duodenum |
| The external muscle layer is responsible for mixing chyme with digestive secretions for _________. | Peristalis |
| The collective name for all of the nerve fibers and networks of the alimentary tube is called the __________________. | Enteric nervous system |
| The name Peyers Patch is given to the ___________ of the small intestine. | Lymph nodules |
| Digestion of food is completed in the ____________. | Small intestine |
| Digestion requires _______ from the liver. | Bile |
| Digestion requires _______ from the pancreas. | Pancreatic juice |
| Digestion requires ________ produced by the small intestine itself. | Enzymes |
| The crypts of Lieberkuhn are the _______ of the small intestine. | Glands |
| The secretion of Lieberkuhn glands is stimulated by presence of food in the ________. | Duodenum |
| Peptidases complete the digestion of peptide chains to ___________. | Amino acids |
| Plica circulares are ____________ of the mucosa and submucosa. | Large folds |
| Villis are the small projections of the ________. | Mucosa |
| Microvilli are microscopic folds of the cell membrane on the __________ of each columnar cell. | Free surface |
| Microvilli are also called the _____________. | Brush border |
| Each villus contains a ____________. | Capillary network |
| The absorbtion of vitamin B12 requires the __________ factor produced by the stomach lining. | Intrinsic |
| The absorption of calcium ions requires vitamin D an __________ hormone. | Parathyroid |
| The absorption of water, minerals, and vitamins is the function of the ___________. | Colon |
| In the small intestine, lymph from the lacteals enters the blood in the ______ vein. | Left subclavian |
| The elimination of undigestible materials is the function of the ________. | Colon |
| The normal flora of the colon are the ________ that live in the colon. | Bacteria |
| The function of the colon flora is to inhibit the growth of _____________. | Pathogens |
| The function of the colon flora is to produce _________. | Vitamin K |
| The defecation reflex involves the ___________ of the CNS. | Spinal cord |
| The stretching of the _______ as peristalis of the colon pushes feces into it. | Rectum |
| Voluntary control of defecation is provided by the __________ sphincter. | External anal |
| The external anal sphincter ________ to close the anus. | Contracts |
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