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Chapter 18
The Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The kidneys form what? | Blood plasma |
| The kidneys excrete waste products such as what? | Urea |
| The kidneys regulate the _________ content of the blood. | Electrolyte |
| The kidneys regulate the electrolyte content of the blood by excreting or conserving __________. | Minerals |
| The kidneys are located _________ to the spine. | Lateral |
| The kidneys are located lateral to the spine, and _________ to the diaphram. | Inferior |
| The kidneys are located lateral to the spine, inferior to the diaphram, and ________ to the peritoneum. | Posterior |
| The kidneys are ________, which mean they are behind the peritoneum. | Retroperitoneal |
| The kidneys are located inferior to the ________. | Diaphram |
| The kidneys are located lateral to the ________. | Spine |
| The kidneys are located posterior to the ________. | Peritoneum |
| The kidneys are cushioned by _________. | Fat |
| The kineys are cushioned by fat, and are held in place by the _________. | Renal fascia |
| The renal fascia is made of __________ tissue. | Fibrous connective |
| What is the function of the renal fascia? | To hold the kidneys in place. |
| A ________ extends from the kidney. | Ureter |
| A ureter extends from the kidney to the ________. | Urinary bladder |
| The urethra extends from the __________. | Urinary bladder |
| The urethra extends from the urinary bladder to the ________. | Exterior |
| The ureters take _________ from the kidneys. | Urine |
| The ureters take urine from the kidneys to the _________. | Urinary bladder |
| The urethra takes the urine from the __________ to the exterior. | Bladder |
| The male urethra is enclosed by the _________. | Prostate gland |
| The male urethra is enclosed by the prostate gland and the _________. | Penis |
| The female urethra is __________ to the vagina. | Anterior |
| The urinary bladder is posterior to the _________ bones. | Pubic |
| In men, the urinary bladder is directly superior to the _________. | Prostate gland |
| In women, the urinary bladder is _________ to the uterus.f | Inferior |
| In women the vagina is ________ to the urethra. | Posterior |
| In women the uterus is ________ to the urinary bladder. | Superior |
| The outer layer of the kidney tissue is called the ________. | Renal cortex |
| The renal cortex is the ________ layer of the kidney tissue. | Outer |
| The inner layer of the kidney tissue is called the _________. | Renal medulla |
| The renal medulla is the ________ layer of the kidney tissue. | Inner |
| Renal pyramids is another name for the _________. | Renal medulla |
| The cavity on the medial side of the kidney is called the _________. | Renal pelvis |
| The renal pelvis is located on the ________ of the kidney. | Medial side |
| The renal pelvis is formed by the __________ of the ureter. | Expansion |
| The expansion of the ureter is what forms the ________. | Renal pelvis |
| The _________ is made of renal corpuscles, and convoluted tubules. | Renal cortex |
| In the kidney, loops of henle and collecting tubules are located in the __________. | Renal medulla |
| The renal medulla is made of loops of henle, and __________. | Collecting tubules |
| In the kidney, the renal pelvis has funnel-shaped extensions called _________. | Calyces |
| In the kidney, calyces are part of the _________. | Renal pelvis |
| In the kidney, calyces _________ the tips of the pyramids (medulla). | Enclose |
| In the kidney the renal pelvis empties ________ into the ureter. | Urine |
| Nephrons in the kidney form urine from __________. | Blood plasma |
| Urine is formed from blood plasma by the _________ of the kidneys. | Nephron |
| The two major parts of the _________ are the renal corpuscle and renal tubule. | Nephron |
| The purpose of urine formation is to excrete _________. | Waste products |
| The purpose of urine formation is to excrete waste products, and to _________ the volume and pH of the blood. | Regulate |
| A __________ consists of a glomerulus and bowmans capsule. | Renal corpuscle |
| A glomerulus is a network of ________. | Capillaries |
| The glomerulus is a network of capillaries and is surrounded by a __________. | Bowmans capsule |
| A bowmans capsule surrounds the ________. | Glomerulus |
| The bowmans capsule has ______ layers. | Two |
| The layer of the bowmans capsule that is very permeable is the _________ layer. | Inner |
| The inner layer of the bowmans capsule is made of cells called _________. | Podocytes |
| Podocytes of the inner layer of the bowmans capsule is what makes the layer very _________. | Permeable |
| In the kidneys, the process of ________ takes place from the glomerulus to the bowmans capsule. | Filtration |
| The energy for renal filtration is provided by ________. | Blood pressure |
| In the process of glomerular filtration, water, waste products, and nutrients may become part of _________. | Renal filtrate |
| In the process of glomerular filtration, blood cells, and large proteins __________ become part of renal filtrate. | Will not |
| The process of glomerular filtration is selective in terms of the _________ of the materials in the blood. | Size |
| In the kidneys, the processes of reabsorption and secretion take place in the _________ portion of the nephron. | Renal tubule |
| In the kidney, the renal tubules are surrounded by the ___________. | Peritubular capillaries |
| In the kidneys, peritubular capillaries surround the __________. | Renal tubules |
| In the kidney, __________ takes place from the renal tubule to the peritubular capillaries. | Tubular reabsorption |
| The general purpose of tubular reabsorption is to return useful materials to the ________. | Blood |
| In tubular reabsorption, glucose is reabsorbed by the process of _________ transport. | Active |
| In tubular reabsorption, amino acids are reabsorbed by the process of ________ transport. | Active |
| In tubular reabsorption, vitamins are reabsorbed by the process of ________ transport. | Active |
| In tubular reabsorption, positive ions are reapsorbed by the process of ________ transport. | Active |
| In tubular reabsorption, negative ions are reabsorbed by the process of ________ transport. | Passive |
| In tubular reabsorption, water is reabsorbed by the process of ________. | Osmosis |
| In tubular reabsorption, small proteins are reabsorbed by the process of ________. | Pinocytosis |
| In the proximal convoluted tubule, the surface area of the cells is increased by the presence of _________. | Microvilli |
| The maximum amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed by the kidney tubules is called the __________. | Threshold level |
| The threshold level of the kidney tubules means the ________ amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed. | Maximum |
| In the process of tubular secretion, substances are moved from the _________ to the filtrate. | Peritubular capillaries |
| Tubular secretion may include the nitrogenous waste product ________. | Creatinine |
| In the process of tubular secretion, creatinine and __________ may be excreted. | Hydrogen ions |
| The renal artery is a branch of the _________. | Abdominal aorta |
| The renal vein carries blood to the __________. | Inferior vena cava |
| There are ____ sets of capillaries in the kidneys. | Two |
| The peritubular capillaries and glomeruli capillaries are located in the __________. | Kidneys |
| In the kidneys, filtration takes place in the _________. | Glomeruli |
| In the glomerulus, blood pressure is _________. | High |
| In the glomerluls, blood pressure is high because the efferent arteriole has a __________ diameter than the afferent. | Smaller |
| In the kidneys. the hormone that directly increases the reabsorption of water is ______. | ADH |
| The effect of ADH is to increase the reabsorption of _________. | Water |
| In the kidneys, the hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions and water is ________. | Aldosterone |
| In the kidneys the hormone that increases the excretion of sodium ions and water is _______. | ANP |
| In the kidneys, the hormone that increases the excretion of potassium ions is ___________. | Aldosterone |
| In the kidneys, the hormone that increases the reabsorption of calcium ions is ________. | PTH |
| In the kidneys, two hormones that increase the reabsorption of _________ are aldosterone, and ADH. | Water |
| If ADH secretion decreases, more _________ will be excreted in urine. | Water |
| If aldosterone secretion decreases, more ________ ions will be present in urine. | Sodium |
| If aldosterone secretion decreases, more sodium ions will be present in urine and more ________ ions will remain in the blood. | Potassium |
| The kidneys respond to increased ________ of the blood. | Acidity |
| The kidneys respond to the increased acidity of the blood by _________ hydorgen ions. | Excreting |
| The kidneys respond to increased alkalinity of the blood by retaining more hydrogen ions in order to ________ the pH of blood. | Lower |
| When the kidneys excrete hydrogen ions to regulate pH, the ions that are returned to the blood are sodium and __________. | Bicarbonate |
| When the kidneys retain hydrogen ions to regulate pH, the ions that will be excreted in urine are _________ and bicarbonate. | Sodium |
| The purpose of the renin-angiotension mechanism is to _________ blood pressure. | Raise |
| The juxtagglomerular cells of the kidney secrete ________ when blood pressure decreases. | Renin |
| When the kidneys secrete the enzyme renin it starts the process of the formation of _______. | Antiotensin ll |
| The functions of angiotensin ll are to cause ___________. | Vasoconstriction |
| The functions of angiotensin ll are to cause vasoconstriction and to increase the secretion of _________. | Aldosterone |
| The kidneys secrete erythropoietin during a state of ________. | Hypoxia |
| The function of ____________ is to stimulate the red bone marrow. | Erythropoietin |
| Erythropietin stimulates the red bone marrow to _________ the rate of RBC production. | Increase |
| A state hypoxia will cause the kidneys to __________ erythropietin, which will increase the rate of RBC production. | Secrete |
| The part of the urinary bladder that expels urine is the __________. | Detrusor muscle |
| The detrusor muscle expels _________. | Urine |
| The external urethral sphincter is usually contracted to prevent _________ of urine. | Outflow |
| The internal urethral sphincter is ________ tissue. | Smooth muscle |
| The trigone is on the ________ of the urinary bladder. | Floor |
| The trigones boundries are the _________ of the ureters and urethra. | Opening |
| The part of CNS that is directly involved in the urination reflex is the __________. | Spinal cord |
| The stimulus for the urination reflex is _________ of the detrusor muscle. | Stretching |
| The effector of urination reflex is the detrusor which __________. | Contracts |
| As part of the urination reflex, the internal sphincter __________. | Relaxes |
| Voluntary control of the urination reflex is provided by the ____________. | External urethral sphincter |
| The external urethral sphincter contracts to __________ urination. | Prevent |
| Normal urinary output per 24 hours is ________. | 1-2 liters |
| Strenuous exercise or diarrhea will tend to __________ urinary output. | Decrease |
| The normal pH range of urine is __________. | 4.6 to 8.0 |
| The normal pH range of urine is 4.6 to 8.0 with an average of ______. | 6.0 |
| The specific gravity of urine is a measure of the __________ present in urine. | Solute |
| The concentrating ability of the kidneys is reflected in the measurement of the ____________ of urine | Specific gravity |
| Compared to blood or tissue fluid,urine is _______ tonic. | Hyper |
| Hyper-tonic means it has a greater _________ of dissolved materials. | Concentration |
| The nitrogenous waste product that comes from energy production in muscles is ________. | Creatinine |
| The nitrogenous waste product that comes from the metabolism of nucleic acids is __________. | Uric acid |
| If the kidneys are not functioning properly, blood levels of the nitrogenous waste product will ___________. | Increase |
| If the kidneys are not functioning properly, blood levels if the nitrogenous waste products will increase, and urine levels will ___________. | Decrease |
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laceychapman
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