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Essentials of A&E
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology-Chapter 1 & 2
| Term | Refers to |
|---|---|
| Tissue Level | Third level of organization. |
| Organism Level | Sixth level of organization. |
| Chemical Level | First level of organization. |
| Organ System Level | Fifth level of organization. |
| Cellular Level | Second level of organization. |
| Organ Level | Fourth level of organization. |
| Anatomy | The study of body structure, which includes size, shape, composition, and perhaps coloration. |
| Physiology | The study of how the body functions. |
| Pathophysiology | The study of disorders of functioning. |
| Inorganic Chemicals | Usually simple molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon. (with a few exceptions) |
| Organic Chemicals | Often very complex and always contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. |
| Cells | The smallest living units of structure and function. |
| Tissues | A group of cells with similar structure and function. |
| Epithelial Cells | Cover or line body surfaces; some are capable of producing secretions with specific functions. |
| Connective Tissues | Connect and support parts of the body; some transport or store materials. |
| Muscle Tissues | Specialized for contraction, which brings about movement. |
| Nerve Tissue | Specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions. |
| Organ | A group of tissues precisely arranged to accomplish specific functions. |
| Organ System | A group of organs that all contribute to a particular function. |
| Homeostasis | When the body is stable and in good health. |
| Negative Feedback | When the body's response reverses a stimulus and keeps some aspect of the body within normal range. |
| Axillary | Armpit |
| Brachial | Upper arm |
| Buccal (oral) | Mouth |
| Cardiac | Heart |
| Cervical | Neck |
| Cranial | Head |
| Cutaneous | Skin |
| Deltoid | Shoulder |
| Femoral | Thigh |
| Frontal | Forehead |
| Gastric | Stomach |
| Gluteal | Buttocks |
| Hepatic | Liver |
| Iliac | Hip |
| Inguinal | Groin |
| Lumbar | Small of back |
| Mammary | Breast |
| Nasal | Nose |
| Occipital | Back of head |
| Orbital | Eye |
| Parietal | Crown of head |
| Patellar | Kneecap |
| Pectoral | Chest |
| Perineal | Pelvic Floor |
| Plantar | Sole of foot |
| Paoliteal | Back of knee |
| Pulmonary | Lungs |
| Renal | Kidney |
| Sacral | Base of spine |
| Temporal | Side of head |
| Umbilical | Navel |
| Volar (palmar) | Palm |
| Anatomic Position | Upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward, and feet slightly apart. |
| Dosral Cavity | Contains the central nervous system, and consists of the cranial cavity and the vertebral or spinal cavity. |
| Cranial Cavity | Formed by the skull and contains the brain. |
| Spinal Cavity | Formed by the backbone (spine) and contains the spinal cord. |
| Meninges | The membranes that line these cavities and cover the brain and spinal cord. |
| Superior | Above, or higher |
| Inferior | Below, or lower |
| Anterior | Toward the front |
| Posterior | Toward the back |
| Ventral | Toward the front |
| Dorsal | Toward the back |
| Medial | Toward the midline |
| Lateral | Away from the midline |
| Internal | Within, or interior to |
| External | Outside, or exterior to |
| Superficial | Toward the surface |
| Deep | Within, or interior to |
| Central | The main part |
| Peripheral | Extending from the main part |
| Proximal | Closer to the origin |
| Distal | Farther from the origin |
| Parietal | Pertaining to the wall of a cavity |
| Visceral | Pertaining to the organs within a cavity |
| Ventral Cavity | Consists of two compartments, the thoracic and the abdominal cavity, which are separated by the diaphragm. |
| Thoracic Cavity | Contains the heart and lungs. |
| Pleural Membranes | Serous membranes of the Thoracic cavity |
| Pericardial Membranes | Serous membranes of the heart |
| Abdominal Cavity | Contains the liver, stomach and intestines. |
| Peritoneum | The membrande that lines the entire abdominal wall. |
| Mesentery | The continuation of the peritoneum that is folded around and covering the outer surfaces of the abdominal organs. |
| Pelvic Cavity | Inferior to the abdominal cavity; contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs. |
| Plane | An imaginary flat surface that separates two portions of the body or organ. |
| Frontal (coronal) Section | A plane from side to side that separates the body into front and back portions. |
| Saggital Section | A plane from front to back that separates the body into right and left portions. |
| Transverse Section | A horizontal plane that separates the body into upper and lower portions. |
| Cross-Section | A plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ. |
| Longitudinal Section | A plane along the long axis of an organ. |
| MidSagittal Section | Creates equal right and left halves of the body. |
| Quadrants | A transverse plane and a midsagittal plane that cross at the umbilicus and divide the abdomen into four quadrants. |
| Nine Areas | Two transverse planes and two sagittal planes divide the abdomen into nine areas. |
| Upper Areas | Above the level of the rib cartilages are the left hypochondriac, epigastric, and right hypochondriac. |
| Middle Areas | The left lumbar, umbilical, and righ lumbar. |
| Lower Areas | Below the level of the top of the pelvic bone are the left iliac, hypogastric, and right iliac. |
| Element | A substance made of only one type of atom. |
| Atom | Consists of three major subunits or particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. |
| Proton | Has a positive electrical charge and is found in the nucleus (center) of the atom. |
| Neutron | Is eclectrically neutral (has no charge) and is found in the nucleus of the atom. |
| Electron | Has a negative electrical charge and orbits in the outer shell around the nucleus of the atom. |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in the atom. |
| Atomic Weight | The mass and weight of protons and neutrons an atom. |
| Molecule | Formed by atoms bonding to one another through their electrons. |
| Energy Levels | Shells where electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom. |
| Chemical Bond | A force or attraction between positive ad negative electrical charges that keeps two or more atoms together to form molecules. |
| Ionic Bond | The loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of the electron(s) by another atom or atoms. Weak bond in aqueous solution. |
| H | Hydrogen |
| C | Carbon |
| N | Nitrogen |
| O | Oxygen |
| Na | Sodium |
| F | Flourine |
| Mg | Magnesium |
| P | Phosphorus |
| S | Sulfur |
| Cl | Chlorine |
| K | Potassium |
| Ca | Calcium |
| Mn | Manganes |
| Fe | Iron |
| Co | Cobalt |
| Cu | Copper |
| Zn | Zinc |
| I | Iodine |
| Valence | An electrical charge. |
| Ion | When an atom adds or loses one or more electrons. |
| Salt | A molecule made of ions. |
| Cation | Ion with a positive charge. |
| Anion | Ion with a negative charge. |
| Aqueous Solution | Water |
| Dissociation | When bonds of of ions in a molecule become weak and separate. |
| Synthesis | Chemical manufacture. |
| Covalent Bond | The sharing of electrons between atoms. |
| Disulfide Bond (bridge) | A covalent bond formed between two atoms of sulfur, usually within the same large protein molecule. |
| Hydrogen Bond | Forms a weak bond with other atoms because of slight positive charge of its proton. |
| Synthesis Reaction | Bonds are formed to join two or more atoms or molecules to make a new compound. |
| Decomposition Reaction | Bonds are broken and a large molecule is changed to two or more smaller ones. |
| Solvent | Many substances can be dissoved in it. |
| Properties of Water | Makes up 60-75% of the body,a solvent, a lubricant, changes temperature slowly to prevent sudden changes in body temperature. |
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) | The water within cells of the body, about 65% of the total. |
| Water Compartments | The locations of water within the body. |
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) | Water outside the cells of the body, about 35% of the total. |
| Plasma | Water found in blood vessels, part of ECF. |
| Lymph | Water found in lympatic vessels, part of ECF. |
| Tissue Fluid (interstitial fluid) | Water found in the small spaces between celss, part of ECF. |
| Specialized Fluids | Synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous homor in the eye, etc., part of ECF. |
| Oxygen | 21% of the atmosphere, essential for cell respiration: the breakdown of food molecules to release energy. |
| Carbon Dioxide | Produced by cells as a waste product of cell respiration, must be exhaled to prevent acidosis. |
| Cell Respiration | Energy production within cells. Glucose(food) and Oxygen combine to yield carbon dioxide, water, ATP and heat. |
| Trace Elements | Elements that are needed by the body in very small amounts. |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Molecule that traps the energy released by cell respiration. Is a specialized nucleotide that consists of the base adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. |
| Acid | A substance that increases concentration fo hydrogen ions in a water solution. |
| Base | A substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a water solution. |
| pH | Parts hydrogen |
| pH scale | Measures the acidity alkalinity(basicity) of a solution and ranges from 0-14, with acid being below 7, alkaline above 7, and neutral at 7. |
| Functions of Calcium | Strong bones and teeth, blood clotting, muscle contraction. |
| Fundtions of Phosphorus | Strong bones and teeth, part of DNA & RNA, part of cell membranes |
| Functions of Iron | Part of hemoglobin in red blood cells, transports oxygen, part of myoglobin in muscles, stores oxygen, necessary for cell respiration |
| Functions of Copper | Necessary for cell respiration and hemoglobin synthesis. |
| Functions of Sodium and Potassium | Necessary for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission |
| Functions of Sulfur | Part of some proteins such as insulin and keratin |
| Functions of Cobalt | Part of vitamin B12 |
| Functions of Iodine | Part of thyroid hormones-thyroxine. |
| Buffer System | A chemical or pair of chemicals that minimizes changes in pH. |
| Bicarbonate Buffer System | Consists of carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate and buffers blood and tissue fluid. |
| Organic Compounds | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. |
| Carbohydrate | Serves as a source of energy. |
| Saccharide | Sugar |
| Monosaccharide | Single sugar carbohydrate |
| Hexose | Six carbon sugar. |
| Pentose | Five carbon sugar. |
| Disaccharide | Double sugars made of two monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds. |
| Oligosaccharides | Consist of 3-20 monsaccharides. |
| Antigens | Chemical markers that identify cells. |
| Polysaccharide | Made of thousands of glucose molecules bonded in different ways. |
| Starches | Branched chains of glucose produced by plant cells to store energy. |
| Glycogen | A highly branched chain of glucose molecules stored in the liver. |
| Cellulose | A nearly straight chain of glucose molecules produced by plant cells as part of their cell walls. |
| Fiber | Another name for dietary cellulose; provides bulk within the large intestine. |
| Peristalsis | The waves of contraction that propel undigested material through the colon. |
| Lipids | Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and some contain phosphorus. |
| True Fats | A type of lipid that is made of one molecule of glycerola and one, two or three fatty acid molecules. A storage form for excess food. |
| Triglyceride | A type of true fat that consists fo three fatty acid molecules bonded to a single glycerol molecule. |
| Phospholipids | Diglycerides with a phosphate group in the third bonding site of glycerol. Part of cell membranes. |
| Steroids | Consist of four rings of carbon and hydrogen. Cholesterol, produced in the liver and consumed in food, is the basic steroid from which the body makes others. |
| Proteins | Made of smaller subunits called amino acids, which all contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. |
| Peptide Bond | A bond between tow amino acids. |
| Polypeptide | A short chain of amino acids. |
| Enzymes | Catalysts (speed up chemical reactions) |
| Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) | Large molecules made of smaller subunits called nucletides. |
| Nucleotide | Consists of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of several nitrogenous bases. |
| Genetic Code | DNA making up the chromasomes of cells. |
| ADP (adenosine diphosphate) | Energy released from food in cell respiration is used to synthesize ATP from ADP + P. When cells need energy, ATP is broked down to ADP+P. |
| Active Site Theory | Based on the shape of the enzyme and the shapes of the reacting molecules. |
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lmacon
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