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Sleep and Wake Regul
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is the human circadian rhythm generator located? | suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus |
| What does the C refer to in the two process model of sleep-wake regulation? | circadian rhythm |
| The complementary homeostatic drive to sleep is governed by what area of the hypothalamus? | ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) |
| Melatonin levels correlate with... | relative light in the organism's environment |
| With a frequency of 8-12 Hz, this describes the normal brain electrical activity in adults at rest with eyes closed. | alpha rhythm OR posterior dominant rhythm |
| What are the two most distinguishing features of REM sleep on EEG? | muscle atonia (in chin perhaps) and REMs from prefrontal-orbital leads |
| ** The amount of time you stay awake after your normal sleep time will positively indicate the proportion of _______ when you finally get to sleep. ** | slow wave sleep - it will increase proportionally to the time you stayed awake |
| The NREM stage _______ is the most predominant during sleep and comprises about _____% of sleep during a typical night. | N2; 50% |
| Stage N1 sleep is characterized by _____ waves (4-7 Hz). | theta waves |
| Stage N2 is confirmed what 3 EEG findings? | irregular theta activity (like N1), K-complexes and 12-16 Hz sleep spindles |
| Slow wave sleep (1-3 Hz), or stage _____, comprises ___% of a normal night's sleep. | N3, 20% |
| Which phase of sleep diminishes at a rate of 2% total sleep time/night/decade? | slow wave sleep or N3 |
| During which part of the night does most of slow wave sleep happen? | first half of the night |
| Bremer's experiment where cats were transected through the pontomesencephalic junction resulted in what? | cerveau isole projection; cats' EEGs showed slow waves and spingles, characteristic of NREM stage N2 |
| Lesions of the anterior hypothalamus noted by Economo in influenza pts explained their symptoms of... | perpetual sleeplessness/insomnia |
| What is the function of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)? | ARAS contains wake-promoting neurons responsible for arousal |
| Orexin's function? | neurotransmitter secreted to promote vigilance |
| Disturbance of activity or complete insufficiency of orexin results in? | narcolepsy in humans |
| List the 6 NTs known to promote wakefulness and arousal. | orexin (hypocretin), dopamine, serotonin, histamine, NE, ACh |
| Most important cholinergic neuronal centers | pedunculopontine (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) areas |
| ** Firing rate of cholinergic neurons is highest during ____________. ** | wake and REM sleep |
| NE-producing neurons are located in the ______. | locus coeruleus (LC) |
| Histamine-producing neurons are located in the _______. | tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of posterior hypothalamus |
| Explain why diphenhydramine is prescribed for insomnia. | antihistamine blocks the NT, diminishes alertness and facilitates sleep |
| NT of the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei | serotonin (5-HT) |
| What effect does an SSRI like Prozac have on the sleep-wake cycle? | promotes wakefulness, supresses slow waves and REM sleep completely |
| Name 3 locations containing dopaminergic neuron projections with reference to sleep-wake cycle. | substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, posterior hypothalamus |
| How do amphetamines affect dopamine? | enhance dopamine release and block its reuptake |
| ** List 4 types of drugs approved by FDA to treat insomnia. ** | antihistamines - Benadryl/diphenhydramine GABA receptor agonists:: benzodiazepines - Restoril or Valium/diazepam; non-benzodiazepines - Ambien/zolpidem and Lunesta/eszopiclone Melatonin agonists: Rozerem |
| Orexin is produced in the _____ and _____ hypothalamus. | lateral and posterior |
| Condition characterized by persistent sleepiness during wake periods with interspersed sudden muscle atonia as during REM sleep induced by strong emotion, laughter or surprise | cataplexy |
| With relation to sleep, the VLPO of hypothalamus produces what 2 NTs? | GABA and galanin |
| The negative feedback loop between what 2 nuclei is known as the "sleep switch?" | VLPO and ARAS |
| LIst 4 molecules/peptides known to be soporific. | GABA, galanin, adenosine and TNF-alpha |
| Why are physically and mentally taxing activities such as seizures or playing sports typically followed by a feeling of sleepiness? | [adenosine] builds up in cells and eventually reaches the basal forebrain |
| mechanism of caffeine's action | blocks adenosine receptors in the basal forebrain |
| What are the dangerous sequelae of transtentorial herniation? | mass or hemorrhage causes downward displacement or compression of diencephalon or brainstem --> causes LOC, apnea, brain death due to ischemia, elevated ICP |
| ** early signs of brain stem herniation ** | repeated yawning and sighing then Cheyne-stokes breathing and worsening stupor; eventually no eye opening and decorticate posturing to noxious stimuli |
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sirprakes
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