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Cognitive Neurosci
CNS 3rd Exam
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Two kinds of knowledge | Hard wired and learned |
Time scale of storage | Sensory, short-term and long-term |
Types of memory | Declarative/Non-declarative (Procedural) Implicit/explicit |
Stages of memory | o Encoding o Storage-consolation o Retrieval |
Sensory memory | Visual (Iconic) Auditory (Echoic) |
Evidence for sensory memory | Full/partial report |
Anterograde amnesia | Can’t create new LTM |
Retrograde amnesia | loss of ability retrieve old memories |
Procedural memory | knowledge of processes (motor, perceptual or cognitive) |
Declarative--episodic | knowledge of specific personal experiences, their content, time place (episodes) |
Declarative--semantic | world, word knowledge |
Implicit memory | Knowledge that can be retrieved without conscious recollection (Procedural) |
Explicit memory | knowledge that can be retrieved only with conscious recollection (Declarative) |
Priming | The improvement in identifying/processing a stimulus as a result of previously processing it Evidence of learning |
Encoding | Processing incoming info for storage |
Consolidation/storage | Creating a lasting record |
Retrieval | Recovering stored info |
What does encoding involve? | Feature binding and pattern separation |
What can lead to false memories? | Failure in encoding (feature binding and pattern separation are needed) Failure in retrieval (Pattern completion and evaluation are needed) |
Where does sensory memory take place? | Sensory areas in the neocortex |
Where does working memory take place? | Inferior parietal lobe (Supramarginal gyrus) Prefrontal cortex |
Where does long term memory consolidation take place? | Medial temporal lobe: limbic structures |
What is the medial temporal lobe NOT required for? | Working memory Procedural memory Ultimate storage of LTM |
What is the ultimate storage site of long term memories? | Neo-cortical sites |
What is frontal lobe memory impairment associated with? | High false recognition rates |
What is the "subsequent memory paradigm"? | Locations where there is activity at encoding leads to better subsequent recollection |
What are some examples of executive functions? | Working memory Planning Monitoring progress of goals Task switching |
What are executive functions needed for? | Encoding Retrieval |
Role of the MTL and diencephalon | Creating and consolidating declarative memories |
Role of the Neocortex | Creating new procedural memories Implicit memory retrieval Eventual storage site of LTM Priming |
Role of Frontal lobes | Encoding and retrieval Working memory |
How is the pattern of memory loss in progressive brain disease sufferers determined? | By which brain areas are affected/where the disease starts |
What are the two learning systems? | Neocortex and hippocampus |
How does the neocortex learn? | Slowly, by making small adjustments to connections among neurons, allowing integration into complex knowledge structures |
How does the hippocampus learn? | Quickly, rapidly and during consolidation "teaches" the neocortex until connection changes are robust |
How do explicit and implicit recall fit into the two learning systems? | Declarative information is processed by the hippocampus, which alters connections (consolidation) in the neocortex. Procedural info/priming is processed in the neocortex. |