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A&P ch 21 blood
The cardiovascular system: Blood vessels & heodynamics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Arteries | elastic & muscular, vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| all except _____ pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood | pulmonary artery |
| artery divide into smaller vessels called | the arterioles |
| what do veins do | vessels that carry blood toward the heart |
| all except ____carry deoxygenated blood | pulmonary veins |
| what are merging small veins called | venules |
| what are capillaries | microscopic vessels that carry blood from arterioles to venules |
| what are the types of capillaries | true, continuous, & fenestrated |
| What are the 3 coats of arteries & veins | -Outer coat(tunica adventita or externa), Musle coat(tunica media), Lining(tunica intima) Taemi veins-same 3 coats but thinner & fewer elastic fibers |
| what is the Outer coat tunica adventita or externa | white fibrous tissue |
| what is the Muscle coat tunica media | smooth muscle, elastic & fibrous tissue |
| what is the lining tunica intima | endothelium; simple squamous epithelium |
| what is the layer of capillaries | only tunica intima<allows diffusion to be easier b/c it is thin> |
| what is the function of arteries/arterioles | carry blood away from heart to capillaries |
| what is the function of capillaries | deliver materials to cells & collect substances from them; vital function of entire circulatory system |
| what is the function of veins/venules | carry blood from capillaries back to heart |
| what is the definition of circulation | blood flow through closed circuit of vessels<stays within> |
| what are the types of circulation | systemic & pulmonary circulation |
| what is systemic circulation | blood flow from left ventricle into aorta to all parts of body & back to right atrium of heart. <aorta=oxygenated> |
| what is pulmonary circulation | blood flow from right ventricle to pulmonary artery to lungs to pulmonary veins to left atrium |
| control of arterial blood pressure is imp b/c | it maintains appropriate blood flow |
| what is the primary determinant of arterial pressure is what | volume of blood in arteries |
| what are the most imp factors that influence arterial volume which influences arterial pressure | Cardiac output & peripheral resistance |
| what is CO | cardiac output |
| CO is determined by ? | stroke volume & heart rate(SVxHR=CO) |
| what is stroke volume | is the force or strength of ventricular contraction; determined by starling's law of the heart |
| what is heart rate regulated by | baroreceptors |
| Peripheral resistance is determined by ? | blood viscosity & arteriole diameter |
| blood viscosity is determined by? | concentration of blood protein & blood cells;less viscosity, less peripheral resistance<plasma protein-albium can effect viscosity> |
| vasomotor or vasoconstrictor control mechanisms that are imp in ?? | control of changes in diameter of arterioles,center located in medulla |
| what is the movement of water & dissolved substances, except proteins through walls, mostly by diffusion, dependent on several opposing forces or pressure | Capillaries exchange |
| what are the diff types pressure in capillary exchange | Hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressures,net filtration pressure or effective filtration pressure |
| pressure of water of water in fluids | hydrostatic pressure |
| what is blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) | moves fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid; 35mm hg aterial , 16mm Venous |
| what is Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) | moves fluid out of interstitial fluid & into capillaries, 0 mm Hg both ends |
| what is osmotic pressure | due to presence of nondiffusible proteins in blood & interstitial fluid |
| what is blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) | moves fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries; 26 both ends |
| what is interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) | moves fluid out of capillaries & into interstitial fluid; 1 mm both ends |
| what is net filtration pressure (NFP) or effective filtration pressure | (BHP + IFOP)- (IFHP+BCOP) pulling fluid pulling fluid out back in |
| what is starling's law of capillaries | equilibrium between fluid out & fluid in wth lymphatics,<wtv not put back in, is picked up by lymphatic system; what goes out must be the same when in comes back in can cause edema> |
| what are factors that influence the venous return to the heart | respirations-the deeper the respirations,the greater the venous tends to be; skeletal muscle contractions serve as 'booster pumps" that tend to increase venous return |
| what is blood pressure measured by; what are the normal range for systolic & diastolic | it measured with sphygmomanometer,systolic=120-140 mm Hg, diastolic=80-90mm Hg |
| how does the arterial bleeding happen | in spurts b/c of difference in amounts of systolic & diastolic pressure |
| how does the venous bleeding happen | slow & steady b/c of low, practically constant venous pressure |
| how fast does blood flow in the arteries & capillaries | rapid in arteries ; slowest in capillaries |
| what is a pulse & how is caused | alternate expansion & recoil of artery; caused by intermittent ejections of blood from heart into aorta with each ventricular contraction; pulse can be felt b/c of elasticity of arterial walls |
| what is a pulse wave | stars @ beginning of aorta & proceeds as wave of expansion throughout arteries |
| where can pulse be felt | radial, temporal,carotid, facial, brachial, femoral, popliteal, pedal |
| what is the venous pulse | in large veins only, caused by changes in venous pressure brought about by alternate contraction & relation of atria |
| what are the 4 big diff in fetal circulation | 1.connections to mom, umbilical veins taking oxygenated blood 2. ductus venosus 3. hole btwn right atrium & left atrium called foreman ovale 4.dutus artenosus connections btw Pulmonary artery & aorta 5. Umbilical arteries |
| 1. Angiogenesis | growth of new blood vessels |
| 2. Varicose veins or varices | Leaky venous valves can cause veins to become dilated & twisted in appearance; most common in superficial veins of the lower limbs. |
| 3. Edema | filtration greatly exceeds reabsorption, an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume |
| 4. Syncope | or fainting, is a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness that is not due to head trauma, followed by recovery, most commonly due to cerebral ischemia (lack of sufficient blood to the brain) |
| 5. Carotid sinus massage | carefully massaging the neck over the carotid sinus to slow heart rate in a person who has paroxysmal superventricular tachycardia |
| 6. Carotid sinus syncope | fainting due to inappropriate stimulation of the carotid sinus baroreceptors. |
| 7. Hypertension | persistently high blood pressure |
| 8. Primary hypertension | a persistently elevated blood pressure that can’t be attributed to any identifiable cause |
| 9. Secondary hypertension | has an identifiable underlying cause |
| 10. Pheochromocytoma | A tumor of the adrenal medulla, causes secondary hypertension |
| 11. Aneurysm | a thin, weakened section of the wall of an artery or a vein that bulges outward, forming a balloonlike sac, if untreated the aneurysm enlarges & the blood vessel will become so thin that it burst. |
| 12. Aortography | X |
| 13. Carotid endarterectomy | the removal of atherosclerotic plaque from the carotid artery to restore greater blood flow to the brain |
| 14. Claudication | pain & lameness or limping caused by defective circulation of the blood in the vessels of the limbs. |
| 15. Deep vein thrombosis | the presence of a thrombus (blood clot) in deep vein of the lower limbs. |
| 16. Doppler ultrasound scanning | imaging technique commonly used to measure blood flow |
| 17. Femoral angiography | an imaging technique in which a contrast medium is injected into the femoral artery & spreads to other arteries in the lower limb; used to diagnose narrowing or blockage of arteries in the lower limbs. |
| 18. Hypotension | Low blood pressure; most commonly used to describe an acute drop in blood pressure, as occurs during excessive blood loss. |
| 19. Normotensive | characterized by normal blood pressure |
| 20. Occlusion | closure or obstruction of the lumen of a structure like a blood vessel. |
| 21. Orthostatic hypotension or postural hypotension | An excessive lowering of systemic blood pressure when a person assumes an erect or semi |
| 22. Phlebitis | Inflammation of a vein, often in leg |
| 23. Thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein involving clot formation |
| 24. Veinpuncture | The puncture of a vein, usually to withdraw blood for analysis or introduce a solution |
| 25. White coat (office) hypertension | A stress induced syndrome found in patients who have elevated blood pressure when being examined by health#care personnel but otherwise have normal blood pressure |
Created by:
toluwani
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