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APUSH Review
2011 USH AP review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| NEW WORLD BEGINS: What was the Bering land bridge ("Beringia")? | A land bridge that spanned from Alaska to Siberia. |
| SPAIN IN THE NEW WORLD: What was the encomienda? | A way to subdue Native Americans by selling them into slavery in exchange for the slave holder's promise to Christianize them. |
| NEW WORLD BEGINS: The impact of the caravel, the compass, and the printing press. | 1) The caravel allowed people to sail along West Africa's coast and was a breakthrough in European expansion. 2) Eliminated some nautical uncertainties 3) Spread scientific knowledge |
| NEW WORLD BEGINS: The impact of African gold and slaves on the Portugese | Caused the Portugese to establish trade posts. |
| NEW WORLD BEGINS: Marco Polo's impact? | He strengthened the European's desire to find a quicker route to the new world. |
| NEW WORLD BEGINS: The impact of the crusades on European cunsumers? | They introduced different items like sugar to consumers, who quickly developed a taste for them. |
| NEW WORLD BEGINS: The Columbian Exchange: what was provided by Europe, the New World, and Africa? | 1) wheat, sugar, rice, horses, disease 2) gold, silver, corn, disease 3) slaves and disease |
| SPAIN IN THE NEW WORLD: The Treaty of Tordesillas: year, intent, signers, & terms | 1) 1494 2) A treaty that secured Spain's claim to the discoveries of Columbus 3) Signed by Portugal and Spain 4) Spain recieved most land; Portugal recieved some land; all other nations (and indians) ignored |
| SPAIN IN THE NEW WORLD: Bartolome' de las Casas's opinion on Spanish conquests in the new world and the encomienda? | 1) He protested Spanish policies and mourned the brutal fate of the Native Americans. 2) He criticized this. |
| SPANISH CONQUISTADORES: Balboa | Discoverer of the Pacific Ocean |
| SPANISH CONQUISTADORES: Magellan | The first man to circumnavigate the world. |
| SPANISH CONQUISTADORES: Coronado | Discoverer of the Grand Canyon and Colorado River. |
| SPANISH CONQUISTADORES: Pizarro | Conqueror of the Peruvian Incas. He returned to Spain with gold. |
| SPANISH CONQUISTADORES: Cortes | Conqueror of the Aztec city, Tenochtitlan. In conquering the city, he brough European animals, crop, language, laws, and culture to Mexico. |
| ENGLISH EXPLORERS: John Cabot | Explorer of the NE coast of North America. |
| FRENCH EXPLORERS: Cartier | Explorer of St. Lawrence River. |
| THE NEW WORLD BEGINS: Junipero Serra & Franciscans (CA) | He tried to Christianize the CA natives. |
| THE NEW WORLD BEGINS: the "Black Legend"? The truth? | a legend that stated teh Spanish only caused disease in, abused, and stole gold from indians. While the Spanish did these things, the legend left out the successful empire established in the new world. |
| THE NEW WORLD BEGINS: Relations between indians and English explorers versus between indians and Spanish explorers. | The English generally isolated the indians. The spanish genereally partnered with indians, combining cultures through means such as marriage. |
| 16th C. EUROPE: the dominant religion in England, mid-1500's | Protestanism |
| 16th C. EUROPE: the dominant religion in Spain and Ireland, mid-1500's | Catholocism |
| 16th C. EUROPE: "Protestanism and plunder" & supporters | The English goal (supported by Queen Elizabeth and Sir Francis Drake) of spreading protestanism and siezing Spanish treasures. |
| 16th C. EUROPE: The Spanish Armada: year, goal, and outcome? | 1) 1588 2) Spain set out to invade England. 3) England devistated and crushed Spain. |
| 16th C. EUROPE: the enclosure movement & impact | An English movement in which croplands for sheep grazing were enclosed. This forced many small farmers out and encouraged colonization in the new world. |
| 16th C. EUROPE: primogeniture & impact | The English policy that stated only the eldest son of a family could inherrit family land. This policy encouraged colonization in the new world. |
| 16th C. EUROPE: joint-stock companies & impact | Enabled investors to pool capital (money for investment). This provided the financial means for English colonization of the new world. |
| COLONIES: the goals of the London (Virginia) Co. | Goals included gold and passage through America to the indies. |
| COLONIES: settlers' rights in the new world | Englishman's rights, even though in America |
| COLONIES: the first colony? year founded? problems? | Jamestown, 1607 Unhealthful and lack of focus on survival |
| COLONIES: John Smith | Was a leader of jamestown; turned attention of settlers from gold to survival. |
| COLONIES: the results of the 2 Powhatan wars | 1) virgina co. ordered Jameston to wage war on indians. the peace settlement that resulted was the first interracial union in Virginia. 2) Chesopeke indians were isolated & banned |
| COLONIES: John Rolfe | perfected tobacco |
| COLONIES: the House of Burgesses | The first of small American parliaments, authorized by the London Co. |
| COLONIES: James I & the Virginia Co., 1624 | He revoked the company's charter due to dislike of the colony's crop, tobacco, and distrust of representatives of the house of Burgesses, making Virginia a royal colony under his direct control. |
| COLONIES: Maryland: founder & year | Lord Baltimore, 1634 |
| COLONIES: the purpose in founding Maryland? | The colon was founded for profit and as a Catholic haven. |
| COLONIES: Maryland's main source of labor in its first years? | white indentured servants |
| COLONIES: the Maryland Act of Toleration (1649) | An act that was passed because complete freedom of religion would allow protestants to overwhelm catholics, as happened in England. It granted religious toleratino to all religions who believed in the devinity of Jesus. |
| COLONIES: the main industry in the west indies? the main source of labor? | sugar black slaves |
| COLONIES: the Barbados slave code | Allowed for the brutal and unjust treatment of slaves |
| COLONIAL CAROLINAS: the Lords Propietors | Their purpose was to grow food to provision sugar and export non-English produces on land granted to them by the King. |
| COLONIAL CAROLINAS: relations with indians? | brutal |
| COLONIAL CAROLINAS: the principal crop? | rice |
| COLONIAL NC: types of people that settled here | poor, irreligious riffraff |
| COLONIES: the royal intent in founding Georgia | to create a buffer to protect the carolinas from Spaniards in Florida and French in Louisiana |
| COLONIES: the philanthropic goal of Georgia's founders? the founder? | Founded as a gaven for people with debt. James Oglethorpe. |
| What were the original southern colonies? Location? | Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Below the Mason-Dixon Line |
| the Mason-Dixon Line's purpose | to divide Pennsylvania and Maryland |
| CALIVINISM: God's power? the impact of original sin? | God is all powerful, all good, and all knowing. The original sin made people weak and wicked. |
| CALVINISM: predestination, conversion, and visible saints | The idea that God already knows who will and won't go to Heaven. Coversion is a literal experience in which God reveals to a person whether or not he or she is predestined. Predistined people expected to live sanctified lives as an example to others |
| PURITANS: goal for the Church of England | Wanted it to be de-catholocized |
| PURITANS: goals of separatists | Wanted to break entirely from the Church of England |
| PLYMOUTH: who came, from where, and why? | Pilgrims from Holland. They sought haven where they could be English, not Dutch, and were poor. |
| PLYMOUTH: the Mayflower Compact | Set a constitutional example and was an advance in self government. |
| PLYMOUTH: William Bradford | A political leader of Plymouth. Feared non-Puritan settlers would corrupt the Puritan settlement. |
| MA BAY COLONY: who came, from where, and why? | Puritans from England. They feared England's future and their faith. |
| MA BAY COLONY: what was taken by settlers? significance? | the colony's charter. Asserted the colony's independence. |
| The Great Migration: years? | 1630's |
| MA BAY COLONY: first governer | John Winthrop |
| MA BAY COLONY: Winthrop meant it to be a... | ...city on a hill. |
| MA BAY COLONY: voting in colonial elections? in town meetings? | only church going males. More inclusive: all male property owners, with a few exceptions. |
| MA BAY COLONY: the purpose of government | to enforce God's laws on the religious and not religous |
| MA BAY COLONY: treatment of Quakers? | persecuted quakers, flogged, and banished them |
| MA BAY COLONY: Anne hutchinson & beliefs | a antinomianist (anti-law) who denied puritan's needs to live a pious life, since they were supposedly already saved |
| MA BAY COLONY: Roger Williams & beliefs | an extreme seperatist who suggested a complete break from the Church of England. He questeioned the Charter's legality because it didn't compensate indians. Denied government's abliity to regulate religious behaviors. |
| RHODE ISLAND: Williams | founder |
| RHODE ISLAND: religious freedomsm and voting | complete religious freedoms for everyone; no tax for church, oaths, or requied church attendence All allowed to vote initially |
| CONNECTICUT: Thomas Hooker & who settled | He led Boston Puritans to occupy Connecticut |
| CONNECTICUT: funadmental orders of Connecticut | A constitution that established a democratically controlled government. parts of it were later used in the connecticut charter and constitution. |
| COLONIES: cause of Pequot war and outcome | English settlers pushed farther toward Connecticut, resulting in confrontation with indians that interupted the peace. |
| COLONIES: outcome of king philip's war | slowed westeward march of english settlement in New England; caused a deep defeat of indians. No significant uprising of indians occured thereafter. |
| COLONIAL UNITY: New england confederation: purpose and members | 1643 - Meant to defend against foes (dutch, french, indians) and deal with intercolonial problems. Included MA Bay colony, plymouth, and two connecticut colonies. |
| COLONIAL UNITY: dominion of new england: purpose? whose idea? its end? | To embrace New England, NY, and Jersey; aimed to defend colonies in case of war. Imposed stricter laws in America like NAVIGATION ACTS. Imposed from London. The glorious revolution |
| sir Edmund Andros | sent back to England after the domain of new england collapsed |
| Glorious Revolution | 1688-89; William and Mary replace James II; salutary neglect begins |
| NEW NETHERLANDS: Henry Hudson | claimed the land along the Hudson River where the new Netherlands was founded |
| Life in new amsterdam (york) | run by the west india co (dutch); harsh rulers; no religious freedom or freedom of speech |
| NEW NETHERLANDS: patroonships | feudal estates on the Hudson River that were exchanged for promoters' promise to settles 50+ people on them. |
| NEW NETHERLANDS: Peter Stuyvestant | led a small military expedition against Swedish intrustion on the Delaware |
| the end of New Netherlands | 1664; English saw it as intrusive and the land was given to the duke of york instead |
| Holy Experiment | by William Penn in Pennsylvania |
| Quaker beliefs | All people are kids in god's eyes (equality); spoke up in own meetings; refused to support the Church of England with taxes or take oaths, even to denounce catholocism |
| planning for Philidelphia; government, religious freedom, and relations with indians in Philadelphia/Pennsylvania | carefully laid out (wide streets) liberal government with a representative assembly elected by landowners; no church tax religous freedom for all but catholics jews (as insisted upon by London) peaceful |
| New England colonies? | MA, NH, RI, CT |
| Middle colonies? | NY, PA, DE, NJ |
| Chesapeke colonieS? | maryland and virginia |
| 17C CHESAPEKE: typical immigrants? | young males (late teens to early 20's); looked for women; died early |
| 17C CHESAPEKE: merriage and family life | Few and fragile families; males struggled to find mates; death of a spouse destroyed a family quickly; weak family ties |
| Define franchise | the right to vote |
| Define frontier | the dividing line between land settled and land not settled by whites |
| Indentured servants & tobacco | indentured servents were laborors on tobacco plantations; they worked to repay the cost of transantlantic passage to America |
| 17C: the headright system | ENcouraged servant importation: whoever paid for a laborer's passage to America was given 50 acres of land |
| 17C: Bacon's rebellion: problems on the Virginia fronter, Berkeley v Bacon & the indians, its end and impact | 1676: Bachelors discontant with lack of land and women. Berkley was frienly with indians. Bacon killed indians and ran berkeley out. Bacon died from disease; Berkley killed rebellion Created tension; africans better source of labor |
| African origins of slaves brought to the new world | from the west coast of North Africa |
| "Chattles for life" | slave codes that originated in virginia and made slaves and their descendants slaves for the duration of their white master's life |
| 17C: restrictions imposed by slave codes | illegal to teach blacks to read or white; Christianity didn't release slaves |
| 17C: slave life in Carolinas vs in Chesapeke | In carolinas: family life possible, less physically demanding In Chesapeke: more severe, hot labor; loneley, scattered plantations |
| 17C: Gullah | a combination of English and African language |
| 17C SOUTH: landowning planters | planters owned a lot of land and slaves, thus dominated economy |
| 17C SOUTH: small farmers | largest social group, owned 1-2 servents; worked on own land and had a hand-to-mouth existence |
| 17C SOUTH: slaves | bottom of society |
| 17C: why was the south a predominantly rural rather than urban society? | because few cities few urban classes (based mostly on plantations) |
| 17C: new England family lifE; life expectancy vs Chesapeke | added ten years to life expectancy (chesapeke subtracted 10 yrs) |
| 17C: new england: immigrations v. Chesapeke | new England: migrated as and maintained families |
| 17C: Family life in new england | Lots of kids, early marriage; obediance in children |
| 17C: married women's propety riights in New england v south | NEW ENGLAND: less property rights so as not to cause conflict in marriage (land rights given to husband in marriage) SOUTH: more property rights in case of widowed |
| 17C: women's rights and status in New England | Integrity of marriage (little divorce), protection from abusive swposues; women only allowed to work as midwives |
| 17C NEW ENGLAND: role of the proprietors | to distribuet land; would recieve land grants and then build a town around it |
| 17th C new england town plans | meetinghouse surrounded by houses; villiage green for militia drills; elementary eductation for towns of 50+ families |
| 17C NEW ENGLAND: Harvard: what was it? its purpose? | first American college (1636) to train local boys for ministry |
| 17C NEW ENGLAND: governement by town meetings | each man voted (democracy) |
| 17C: RELIGION IN NE: jeremiads | (named after old testament based prophet) Denounced people who strayed from strict dedication to religion |
| 17C: RELIGION IN NE: change in number of church members, mid 1600s | decline in coversions = decline in church members |
| 17C: RELIGION IN NE: Half-way Covenent? how did it change the position of the "elect"? | Allowed baptisim for nonadmitted church members' kids. Weakened the destinction between the elect and the nonelect. Elect eventually disappeared altogether. |
| 17C: RELIGION IN NE: events in the Salem witchcraft crisis | 1692: "witch hunt" hung witches and dogs |
| Salem witchcraft crisis: social status and reilgious differences as the cause? | accused from families associated with Salem's burgeonin market economy; accusers from substinance farming families |
| 17C: NE: impact of geography and religion on ethnicity and on agriculture | not as many immagrants attracted Soil & climate allowed for diverse agriculture, but made staples like tobacco impossible. |
| 17C: NE: settlers impact on the environment | Settlers thought indians wasted land with lack of use and felt an obligation to develop it with roads, buildings, etc. Also compaacted dirt and cleared forests. |
| 17C: Nonfarming industries which prospered in New England | Shipbuilding, commerce,and codfish |
| 17C: the most common means of making a living | farming |
| 17C: land availiability in New England | less than in south but cheaper |
| 17C: were colonial social differences generally larger or smaller than in Europe | smaller (democracy kept people from completely rising above one another socially) |
| 18C: the ratio of English to colonial population in 1700? In 1775? | 25 English: 1 American 3 English: 1 American |
| 18C: the impact of the Allegheny Mountains on population? | contained people to the east side |
| 18C: was population more rural or urban? | Rural (about 90%) |
| 18C: what were the four largest cities? | Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and Charleston |
| 18C: ethnic distribution of Germans, Scots-Irish, Dutch, & Africans | - Pennsylvania (more religious diversity; to perserve German culture) - Pennsylvania (little English loyalty) - New York (little English loyalty) - South |
| 18C: typical ethnicity in the South? New England? middle colonies? | - black - least diversity (English) - mostly white |
| 18C: the Scots-Irish Paxton boys conflict? the Scots-Irish Regulators conflict? | - Scots-Irish marched, armed, on Phildelphia to protest the Quaker oligarcy's lose relationship with Native Americans - Led Regulator movement, a rebellion against Eastern control on colonies, in North carolina |
| 18C: was colonial sociey more or less even over time? | less |
| 18C: the main occupation of the wealthy in New England and the middle colonies | military suppliers |
| 18C: was the more poor in Europe or the colonies? | Europe |
| 18C: the most honored of proffessionals | Ministers |
| 18C: sectional economic activity of the south? middle colonies? new England? | - tobacco, rice, indigo - cattle, grain - fishing, whaling, commerce, rum, iron, shipbuilding |
| 18C: Triangular trade: participants? products? | America - Europe - Africa America provided rum; Europe provided sugar; Africa provided slaves |
| 18C: Britain's use of bounties? | stimulated production of tools & protection of trees used in ship-building to preserve English sea power |
| 18C: restrictions on lumbering | Fine for cutting down a King's marked tree |
| 18C: Mollasses Act: year & intent; evasion by colonists? | 1733: to stop trade between Chesapeake and West indies and force them to buy from the English Colonists bribed and smuggled (this kept economy from crashing) |
| 18C: define established church | A church supported by taxation |
| 18C: where was the Congregational church established? | New England (excluding RI) |
| 18C: where was the Anglican (Church of England) established? | Georgia, Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, part of NY |
| Years of the first Great Awakening | 1730's and 1740's |
| 18C: 1ST GREAT AWAKENING: a change in ideas about perdestination? about conversion? | - salvating by good works, too - not as vital because people could do good works and be a good person without being predestined |
| 18C: 1ST GREAT AWAKENING: Jonathon Edwards | preached that people need God's grace for salvation,not good works |
| 18C: 1ST GREAT AWAKENING: George Whitefield | He believed in divine impotenance and human helplessness. He gave emotional sermans. |
| 18C: 1ST GREAT AWAKENING: "Old lights" v. "New Lights" | Old: believed in good works for salvation (original idea) New: believed in predestination |
| 18C: the 1st great awakening's impact on Americans in general | Undermined the clergy and united Americans through a common experience. It inspired new light figures. |
| 18C: significance of literacy in Puritan New England | Literacy to make good Christians (so they could read the Bible) |
| 18C: gender and education | reserved usually for boys |
| 18C: the curriculum in colonial schools | religion & classical languages (no independent thoughts) |
| 18C: the significance of the University of Pennsylvania | 1st college not controlled by the church |
| 18C: Benjamin West & john singleton copley | artists who pained potraits; ended up in England |
| 18C: Georgian architecture | red-brick; from old world |
| 18C: Phillis Weatley | poet who overcame a lack of education; the poems show influence of the pope |
| 18C: Benjamin Franklin | editor of Poor richard's Alamanc (offered advice that shaped American character) |
| 18C: Zenger Trial | 1735: caused when a newspaper spoke out against a royal governor; the case was brought to the court, but no one was charged for speaking out. + Freedom of the press |
| 18C: how were governors in the eight royal colonies chosen | appointed by the king |
| 18C: how were governors in proprietary colonies (MD, PA, DE) chosen | propietors chose governers |
| 18C: how were governors chosen in corportate colonies (CT, RI) | elected |
| 18C: selection of upper and lower houses in legislatures | Upper house: appointed by the crown, propioters, or voting Lower house; elected by people with enough land to earn the voting right |
| 18C: colonies' general ideas about taxation | chose taxes they thought were necessary to support colonial government |
| 18C: the impact of town meetings in colonies | democratic meetings led to open discussion and voting |
| 18C: voting restrictions in colonies | religious and property qualifications |
| 18C: define external (indirect) taxes | taxes levied at sea ports on imported goods |
| 18C; define internal (direct) taxes | taxes levied within a country or colony when a good is sold |
| 18C: Whig ideas about government in England; who did they warn? what about? | that it threatened liberty and bribes corrupted the government. They warned American colonists to kep an eye out for a threat to their rights. |
| 18C: mercantilism: how could a country gain power | by gaining more money (money=power) |
| 18C: Britain's ideas about production and consumption in its colonies | thought colonists were to supply great britain and buy only from great britain |
| 18C: Adam Smith on mercantilism | He thought it was a violation of human rights to keep a society from exploiting their abilities |
| 18C: the Navigation law of 1650? | Tried to regulate mercantilism |
| what are enumerated products? | products that go exclusively to Great Britain, regardless of price. |
| 18C: currency laws | no paper money and no bankruptcy laws (could harm Great britain) |
| 18C: enforcement of the navigation laws | loose (avoided sometimes by smuggling) |
| 18C: benifits from bounties | bounties offered to stimulate colonies productions |
| 18C: the British army and navy | strongest at the time; protected Americans for free |
| 18C: annoyances of mercantilism | created a dependency on Great britain, stalled economic initiative, and created a sense that America was the used child of parent country, Great Britain |
| 18C: the British debt in 1763 & its main source | millions, contracted largely from protecting American colonies |
| 18C: the sugar act | 1764: first tax in america enforced for royal benifit; actually enforced |
| 18C: the quartering act | 1765: required colonists to supply british troops with food and quarters |
| 18c; the stamp act | 1765: (used to raise a new army) stamped paper that showed taxes were paid on it (also paid in GB long before it was in America) |
| 18C: George Grenville | passed the sugar, quartering, and stamp acts as a solution to the british debt |
| 18c; American objections to admiralty courts | objected to lack of jury and that people were guilty until proven innocent (proof depended on defendents) |
| 18C: american distinction between "legistlation' and 'taxation' | Legistlation dealt with matters, including trade, that impacted the entire british empire (which included America). Taxation: mother country shouldn't tax colonists, only elected colonial legislatures |
| 18C: virtual representation | British parliament "represented' americans (entire empire), though it included no american members |
| 18C: the Stamp Act Congress | Met in NY and drew a list of grievences about the stamp act. Presented the list to the king and parliament, but it was ignored. |
| 18C: the Sons and Daughters of Liberty | violent; tar & feather; raided unpopular officials' homes |
| 18C: the impact on British trade of american actions | trade suffered |
| 18C: Parliament's action on the Stamp Act? | 1766: repealed it |
| 18C: the Declaratory Act | 1766: re-declared Britain's right to bind colonies under all cirumstances (Americans had to either accept or reject this desire for complete dominance) |
| 18C: the Townshend acts; what were they? passed by? | Passed by Charles Townshend; they placed a tax on several things, such as tea |
| 18C: why did Townshend think Americans would be willing to pay his taxes? | it was an indirect customs duty one could pay at American ports (which Americans preferred to direct ones) |
| 18C: American anger at paying salaries of judges and royal governors | suspicious; didn't want rights taken away, like the British Whigs warned against |
| 18C: why were British troops landed in Boston | due to a lack of law and order |
| 18C: boston massacre | colonists taunted British soldiers until they opened fire and killed/wounded 10 colonists. |
| 18C: Crispus Attucks | Died in the boston massacre; was a leader of the roudy American crowd |
| 18C: why did GB repeal most of the Townshend acts | lack of revenue; surplus of rebellious attitude/behavior in America |
| 18C: why did GB keep the tax on tea | to maintain the idea of parliamentary taxation |
| 18C: Samuel Adams & the committees of Correspondence | exchanged letters that perpetuated resistence to the British |
| 18C: the British East India Company's financial problem in 1773; solution? | This company faced bankruptcy. Great britain granted it a monopoly over the American tea business so as not to lose tax revenue from the company. |
| 18C: the boston tea party | Americans dumped tea into a harbor due to the grant of a manopoly over tea business to the British East india Co. |
| 18C: parliament's intent in passing the Intolerable acts | to punish Biston & MA for the boston tea party |
| 18C: the boston port act | closed the boston port until damages were paid for the boston tea party |
| 18C: MA town meetings after the boston tea party | stopped |
| 18C: trials for british soldiers following the boston tea party | to occur in great britain to avoid unfair trials |
| 18C: the new quartering act after the boston tea party | british soldiers could be lodged anywhere, including in american's homes |
| 18C: the Quebec Act; what was it and why did it anger Americans? | the French could maintain catholicism and customs; it dealt with more than MA (boston tea party) and denied protestants land past mountains |
| 18C: purpose of the First Continental Congress | hel to address the colonists grievences, especially over the Intolerable Acts |
| 18C: interolerable acts | passed largely in response to the boston tea party |
| 18C: the galloway plan | was defeated by John adams; proposed to establish American home rule that would remain under British direction; proposed by the moderates |
| 18C: the association: goals? | called for a boycott and wanted to repeal taxation, not achieve complete freedom fro GB |
| 18C: define boycott | nonimportation, nonexportation, nonconsumption |
| 18C: the british plan and lexington and concord | to sieze rebel leaders Samueal Adams & John Hancock & American weaponry |
| 18C: what happened at Lexington | American minute-men (militia) didn't disperse quickly and some were shot |
| 18C: what happened at concord? on the british return to boston? | minute men forced british back to boston, shooting at them all the way |
| 18C: British strengths? weaknesses? | wealth, ratio of english to american (3:1), naval power, loyalists in America, loyalty from german hessians ireland discontented, france sought revenge, weak london gov, whigs supported america, british-american "brother" loyalty, 2nd rate generals |
| 18C: American strengths? weaknesses? | leadership, french support, self-sustaining crops, hope lack of centralized authority, lacked unity, debt (and paper money), inflation |
| 18C: who were the hessians | Germans who fought for british (as mercanarise) |
| 18C: lafayette | in the american revolution, he was a major general at a young age. He opened french to aiding americans because he was french. |
| 18C: events at valley forge | soldiers went w/o food for 3 days, shoes, cothes (lack of supplies) |
| 18C: blacks in the revolutionary war on the american side? on the british side? | +5,000 blacks (mostly from the North, where most free slaves were) thousands of blacks in Virginia fought for the british due to gb's promise to emancipate enslaved blacks (only some actually emancipated) |
| 18C: the location of New France | in the middle |
| 18C: the location of new spain | mostly sw |
| 18C: type of government in New France | extremely authoritarian (governor, chosen the king, made laws) |
| 18C: New France: admiralty courts | courts where the judge made decisions, not a jury |
| 18C: New France: were religious dissenters allowed as immigrants | No (they thought they'd be disloyal) |
| 18C: New france: principal economic activities | trade and a BIT of farming |
| 18C: New France: relationships with native Americans; group of indians that was new france's enemy? | peaceful; sought trade with indians and to convert them to catholocism; iriquouis confederacy (allied with england) |
| 18C: New France; control by the mother country | no local assemblies; governors appoint by king; tight control |
| 18C: french territory in north america aftear the 1763 peace of paris | England bumps France off the continent |
| 18C: the french and indian war: Washington's expedition & conflict with the French (Ohio valley) | Washington went west to guard suveyers looking at a land grant; Fort Duquesne attacked the Englishmen |
| 18C: french and indian war: fort necessity & washington's defeat | a make-shift English fort that tried to hold off the French; English were defeated, captured and killed |
| 18C: french and inian war: Braddock's expedition | braddock and troops set out to take fort Duquesne and rescue the french; the french, however, ambushed the english when they crossed a river and resulted in death & surrendor to the french |
| 18C: franklin's albany plan of union (approved?) | a plan to unify colonies under the king (not approved) |
| 18C: wolfe takes quebec | would cause the french to surrendor instead of fighting all of new france; wolfe rowed boats and climbed up where they took the french by surprise and won (eventually ends the war) |
| 18C: the peace of paris (1763) | Ended the french and indian war; french retained a couple of islands in caribbean and st. lawrence; england got florida and spanish took louisiana (compensation from france) |
| 18C: was danger more or less to the 13 colonies from spanish and indians after french and indian war? | less (spanish moved west of mississippi and indiands couldn't get war) |
| 18C: colonial conflict with great britain (french and indian war) | trade continued during the war; friction when they served together (the british looked down on colonists) |
| 18C: pontiac's rebellion | native american rebellion that killed 2,000 englishman and captured many forts |
| 18C: proclamation of 1763: what was it? reasoning? who did it discontent? | disallowed colonists from settling past the mountains (GB didn't want to rescue colonists from conflict with france); discontented colonists, who didn't want restricted from the unsettled land |
| 18C: the second continental congress: how was it conservative? | wanted the king and parliament to readdress their actions in the colonies instead of gain outright independence for america |
| 18C: ticonderoga and crown point? | colonists captured british garrisons |
| 18C: Bunker hill | a battle in which colonists lose the hill but inflicted many casualties on the british |
| 18C: olive branch petition: what did it try to do? what was the british reaction? | petitioned the king for peace negotiations and a stop of warfare; King George III declined it & proclaimed the colonies were in rebellion; hired hessians |
| 18C: king of england during time of american revolution | King George III |
| 18C: the colonial attack on canada | attempted to secure a 14th colony and deprive Gb of ground to fight on (colonists barely lost; this worked against the image that america was only fighting defensive) |
| 18C: thomas paine: thoughts on common sense? on the form of a new gov? | wrote Common sense; thought a bigger America should be indpendent from smaller GB (that GB was the mother country contradicted common sense) wanted a republic (power from the people, not the crown) |
| 18C: sources of ideas about a republican gov? | greece/rome, renaissance, and british critical of own gov |
| 18C: richard henry lee | motioned that the colonies should be completely independet (approved) |
| 18C: three main parts of declaration of independence | 1) people have natural, not just British, rights - George III's actions offended natural rights, and thus gave america the right to become independent - declared complete independence from great britain |
| 18C: abigail adams | wrote 'remember the ladies' latter in which she argued that the american sense of equality should be extended to women |
| 18C: the principal groups who were loyalists | older, richer generations with more traditional loyalty to the crown |
| 18C: what happened to the property of many loyalists who left the country | confinscated and stolen by whigs to finance the war |
| 18C: washington retreats from NY | outnumbered by a british ship |
| 18C: Trenton: what happened and who won? | Patriots did a surprise attack on Hessians; patriots won |
| 18C: Princeton: what happened and who won? | Patriots snuck away from a battle to attack the British, leaving their camp looking like the troops were still there; the patriots won |
| 18C: Sumner: plan for general Burgoyne, Howe, and Leger? | - to come down to meet howe if needed - to move up to meet burgoyne - to meet burgoyne and howe, coming in from the west |
| 18C: saratoga | General Burgoyne's army was forced to surrender to colonists when Leger's force was driven back and howe was preocupied |
| 18C: general howe in saratoga | did nothing (was preoccupied in philidelphia) |
| 18C: oriskany | Colonel St. leger's force was driven back; he was thus prevented from meeting up to help General Burgoyne's army |
| 18C: how did american representative franklin's appearence symbolize american cause in paris | he carried a walking stick instead of a sword; wore homespun clothes and a fur cap with own hair over powereder wig; this symbolized democracy (a break from tradition) |
| 18C: what kind of alliance was made between america and france | a military alliance |
| 18C: American allies in the American Revolution | France, Holland, Spain |
| 18C: League of Armed Neutrality in the American Revolution | the "neutral" European nations were hostile toward britain (would be on american side, but didn't actually join the war) |
| 18C: benedict arnold | traitor: was going to sell the west point to the british, but was thwarted |
| 18C: british plan for the south in the american rev | planned to capture the south, which was mostly loyalist |
| 18C: george rogers clark | seized some british holdings in the northwest, and possible caused the land north of the ohio river to be ultimately ceded in the treaty of paris |
| 18C: john paul jones | led the navy in the american revolution |
| 18C: navy in the american revolution | brought the war to the sea and destroyed british merchant ships |
| 18C: american privatters? their contribution to american war effort? | - private army ships authorized to attack enemy ships - brought in gold, raised the moral from victories, harrased GB, and caused british shippers urged parliament to hurry up end the war nicely |
| 18C: american problems from 1780-1781 | bakruptcy and inflation (people became more mutinous toward the army and moral was lowered) |
| 18C: cornwallis in virginia (am REV) | fell back to yorktown after lack of victory |
| 18C: AM REV: washington's, rochambeau's, and de grasse's movement at Yorktown | washington + rochambeau attacked british by land and de grasse attacke by sea |
| 18C: AM REV: why did the british surrender at yorktown | completely cornered by french on the sea and americans/french on land |
| 18C: AM REV: treaty of paris: american peace negotiators in paris? | Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay |
| 18C: AM REV: treaty of paris: spain's goal in the negotiations? france's? | to secure british-held gibraltor, as was promised to spain by the french to secure an independent america that could be confined east of mountains |
| 18C: AM REV: treaty of paris: the reason american diplomats negotiated seperately with britain (regardless of agreement between france and US) | John Jay suspected the french would sacrafice america's complete independence (like the abliity of america to settle past mountains) to deliver the promised compensations (such as that to spain) |
| 18C: AM REV: treaty of paris: relationship between US and GB? new us boundaries? | GB recognized US's full independence. Extended from the mississippi to the great lakes to florida |
| 18C: AM REV: treaty of paris: what happened to confinscated loyalist property? to debts owed by americans to britih citizens? | - supposed to be returned, but not actually - to be paid in full w/o protest, but not actually |
| 18C: post am rev: primogeniture | mostly ended |
| 18C: post am rev: established churches | some disestablished |
| 18C: post am rev: Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom: supporter | Jefferson |
| 18C: post am rev: some abolition of slavery | some chattles freed in the South; N abolished slavery and emancipated blacks |
| 18C: post am rev: "republican motherhood" | the belief that mothers cultivate a family's mortals, which are crucial to a republic |
| 18C: POST AM REV: howe were american state constitutions a change from british precedent | the british constitution was a collectino of laws and not written; the american constitutino was actually written and established government power from the people (blatantly laid out laws) |
| 18C: POST AM REV: the principal features of the new state constitutions | generally included a bill of rights, required elected leg that functioned off the people, and weak exec/judicial branches |
| 18C: POST AM REV: why the weak exex/judicial branches? | suspicion from the king lasted |
| 18C: POST AM REV: changes in landholding | economic democracy: loyalist land devided up and cheaper |
| 18C: POST AM REV: economic setbacks from independence | America couldn't trae with GB colonies; no more bounties from GB |
| 18C: POST AM REV: political problems in America | diesrespect for taxes and laws; lack of unity (no longer united by common war effort) |
| 18C: 2nd cont congress: actions taken by the state goves during the 2 cont congress era? | claimed aleghanny land (jealous colonies disapproved of other colonies' landclaims) |
| 18C: 2nd cont congress: general authority of it? actions undertaken by it? | almost no authority; wrote the Articles of Confederation |
| 18C: 2nd cont congress: why did state land claims cause a delay in approval of the Articles of Confederation | the approval needed to be unanomous, but Maryland, discontented with other colonies' land holdings, held out in order to gain more land (from NY) |
| 18C: 2nd cont congress: what eventually happened to the state land claims? | Eliminated land claims and the land went to the federal government |
| 18C: government under the articles of confederation; executive branch? federal judiciary? | None generally left to the states |
| 18C: government under the articles of confed: congress? voting? approval of important measures? approval of amendments to the articles? | - weak (to avoid a repeat of GB's parliamentary power) - bills needed to be approved by 9+ colonies and articles needed to be unanumously approved - needed a unanomous vote |
| 18C: gov under articles of confed: congress and commerce? and tax collection? its general authority? | - couldn't regulate commerce - couldn't enforce taxes (colonies had to volunteer to pay them) - could advise and appeal to colonies but not enforce |
| 18C: articles of confed gov: Land ordinance of 1785? | Old NW to be sold to pay off national debt; confusion and lawsuits eliminated by surveying; a 6x6 mile down divided into 36 swares, with the 16th reserved for education |
| 18c; articles of confed gov: Northwest ordinance of 1787 | 1) land would be subject to federal government 2) when the land had +60,000 inhabitants, it could be considered a state with same rides as other states (no slavery, except for already established slaves) |
| 18C: articles of confed: trade with British west indies | closed (smuggling) |
| 18C: articles of confed: issues with GB's forts in NW | the forts were on US soil and GB refused to leave (cont. trade with indians) |
| 18c; articles of confed: spain and mississippi | Spain controlled the mississippi and closed it to americans |
| 18C: articles of confed: territorial and indian issues involving spain and american sw | Spain took US land and schemed with the indians to rally a lack of support for the US |
| 18C: articles of confed: issues involving France | France wanted repaid and limisted US trade with the west indies |
| 18C: articles of confed: Barbary pirates | African pirates ravaged commerce and enslaved yankees on boats; the US couldn't buy or fight for protection (were protected under GB, but not any more) |
| 18C: articles of confed: congress's money problems | national debt and colonists wouldn't pay taxes |
| 18C: articles of confed: states taxes/duties | on some goods from neighboring colonies |
| 18C: articles of confed: cause of Shay's Rebellion? location? impact? | - farmers lose land due to forclosure; SHay led a rebellion that demanded state paper money, lower taxes, and no property seizure (crushed by small army) - MA - eventually, debtor relief laws were passed; increase in fear of mobs |
| 18C: articles of confed: Annapolis Convention? accomplishments? | - met to address government's iissues of lack of control over commerce - nothing... it wasn't actually addressed because not everyone showed up |
| 18C: articles of confed: philadelphia convention: original and actual purpose? | - met to revise the articles of confederation - actually ended up redrafting an entirely new constitution |
| 18C: rep in congress: virginia's large state plan | rep in congress should be based on population |
| 18C; rep in congress: nj's small state plan | rep in congress should be equal (1 per state, like under the art of confed) |
| 18C: rep in congress: the great compromise (connecticut plan) | House of rep by population; equal rep in senate |
| 18C: Electoral College Compromise | provided for the electino of president indirectly: electoral vote first, then the vote ggoes to the house of rep if no majority |
| 18C: 3/5 compromise? | slaves count as 3/5 a person |
| 18C: slave trade compromise | slavery was to end in 1807; southern states needed slaves, but all but georgia stopped slavery in constitutions before that |
| 18C: safeguards against the "mob" | indirect elections, such as of the president |
| 18C: ratification of the consitution: how was it to be achieved? | 9 states needed to accept it |
| 18C: who opposed the constitution? members? why? | Anti-federalists Samual Adams, Richard Henry Lee (revolutionaries), poor farmers, state-rights-ers, black, debtors feared a loss of power of common people |
| 18C: who supported the constitution? members? | federalists George WA, Benjamin Franklin, rich, educated people |
| 18C: why did four small states ratify early | it was a good deal for them |
| 18C: the means of persuasion in MA | promise of a bill of rights by amendment |
| 18C: factors behind Virginia's decision | the constitution was to be passed. VA could either join as the 10th state to ratify or try to fend alone. |
| 18C: the federalist papers and NY; authors? ideas? | John Jay, James madison, Alexander Hamilton propoganda: promoted federalism |
| 18C: ratification of the constitution in RI and NC | gave in only once the constitution had operated for severl months w/o them |
| 18C: were most people east or west of the mountains by the lat 18th century | east |
| 18C: WA: source of cabinet | heads of exec branches |
| 18C: WA: secretary of state | Jefferson |
| 18C: WA: secretary of treasury | Hamilton |
| 18C: WA: judiciary act of 1789 | created federal courts |
| 18C: WA: group of ppl which hamilton favored? why? | upperclasses/wealthier wanted to gain the financial and political support of gov and secure fiscal prosperity that could influence lower classes |
| 18C: WA: hamilton's plan for fed debt? reasoninG? | to repay it all at face value at "at par" (with interest) to gain loyalty |
| 18C: WA: hamilton's plan for state debts? its likely impact on the wealthy? | to repay state debts, since they were collected in a war for the nation the wealthy would be more loyal to use than to states |
| 18C: WA: how did hamilton gain support for his stabe debt plan | he traded the location of district of columbia for virginia's support |
| 18C: WA: Hamilton's proposed tariff? excise tax proposal? | a low tax on dutiable imports (passed) (protective of small businesses) tax on domestic items (internal tax) |
| 18C: WA: Hamilton's plan for a national bank | like the bank of england: a private and powerful institution where the fed treasure could put surplus money |
| 18C: WA: Jefferson v hamilton on the bank | Jefferson: strict construction of constitution: it doesn't blatantly allow for a bank Hamilton: loose construction: a bank is alotted by the elastic clause of the constitution |
| 18C: WA: the length of charter for the original Bank of the US? its ownership? | 20 yrs 1/5th federally owned, with citizen-avaliable stocks |
| 18C: WA: cause of whiskey Rebellion? results? | hamilton's excise tax on whiskey hindered economy (as was claimed by farmers) stopped the collection of the excise tax; it was crushed by an arm; created an unpopular view of gov use of force |
| 18C: WA: FRENCH REV: rev events in france that seemed excessive to americans | beheaded king, attacked church, and reign of terror |
| 18C: WA: FRENCH REV: impact of france's war with GB | GB got involved, which thus pulled US into it |
| 18C: WA: FRENCH REV: why did washington wish to avoid aiding francE? | unstable economy, disunited politics, weak military |
| 18C: WA: FRENCH REV: US neutrality proclomation | proclaimed that the US would be neautral and urged colonists to be impartial |
| 18C: WA: FRENCH REV: actions of french rep Edmond genet | recruited armies, claiming americans didn't really want to be neutral |
| 18C: WA: longstanding forts issue with GB? with their trade with indians? | Gb refused to abandon forts traded firearms/water/fur with indians and promoted an anti-american image, esp among iriquois confed |
| 18C: WA: Battle of Fallen Timbers | the british, though at peace with indians, wouldn't house indians fleeing a battle |
| 18C: WA: treaty of grenville | ended the battle of fallen timbers; NW land ceded to US; indians paid and promiesd avaliability of hunding on the ceded land the indians |
| 18C: WA: actions by the royal navy against american merchant ships and sailors | empressment |
| 18C: WA: jay's treaty: with who? what did it say about forts, impressment, pre-rev debts owed, and ship seizures? | with Gb forts to be abandoned ships to be repaid but not stopped impressment - no promise to stop pre-rev debts to be paid to GB by US |
| 18C: WA: impact of Jays treaty on spain | spain feared a treaty between us and gb so they formed an alliance with us first |
| 18C: WA: terms of pickney's treaty? who signed it? | returned mississippi to florida spain and us |
| 18C: Adams party? principal source of support? | Federalist new England |
| 18C: ADAMS: impact of jay's treaty on france | france angry: regarded the potential alliance as a violation of the military alliance they still had with the US |
| 18C: ADAMS: French actions against american ships | captured them |
| 18C: ADAMS: XYZ AFAIR: french demands? | demanded a loan, an apology, and money for the US to see the french foreign minister |
| 18C: ADAMS: terms of convention of 1800 | military alliance was broken between france and US; americans in turn agreed to pay shipping damages |
| 18C: ADAMS: Alien Law? Sedition act? | aliens could be deported during peace of imprisoned during war those who spoke badly and violently of the US gov or official was subject to fine and imprisonment |
| 18C: ADAMS: wy was the sedition act in conflict with the constitution? | violated freedom of speech and of press |
| 18C: ADAMS: Virginia (madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) resolutions | against alien laws and sedition acts (said they were unconstitutional) |
| election of 1800: who was running? their parties? sectional strenghts? | FEDERALIST: John Adams; north REPUBLICAN: Thomas Jefferson; south and west |
| 19C: election of 1800: why did republicans jefferson and burr tie? how was the election resolved? | same number of electoral votes a few federalists in the house of representatives finally switched votes |
| 19C: the 12th ammendment | prevented future presidential ties by giving one vot for VP and one vote for P to electors |
| 19C: the real revolution of 1800? | Repiblicans were PEACEFULLY restored to office |
| 19C: Jefferson's beliefs about federalists and republicans? | that all republicans are republicans, and vice versa |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: number of federalists removed from office? | very few removed due to political party |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the naturalization law of 1802 | reduced the 14 yr requirement of residence citizenship back to 5 |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: what happened to the excise tax on whiskey? effects? | repealed took away needed US revenue |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: what happened to paying the national and state debts? | not repealed |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: what happened to the bank of the united states? | left alone/not attacked |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: what happened to the tariff | left alone (eventually raised) |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the judiciary act of 1801 | established federal judgeships and more, new judicial offices |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: who were the "midnight judges"? what happened to them? | federalists on their last day in office trying to quickly sign documents they were removed |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: Chief Justice John Marshall's politial party? his beliefs about government? | Federalist; wanted a strong, central government |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: Marbury v. Madison? significance? | Marbury sued for commission as a justice of the peace for Washington, DC (denied by Madison) it was the first case in which something was ruled "unconstitutional" |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: judicial review? | the power of the supreme court, NOT states, to determine what is and isn't constitutional |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: new size of armed forces | reduced |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: why more conflict with the Barbary Pirates | pirates profited off americans, who had no peace with them and couldn't purchase protection |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: 1805 treaty that ended Tripolitan War | paid ransom for americans captured by barbary pirates |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: gunboat policy? why? | only small gunboats, not large warships, are necessary protection over attacking |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the new owner of Louisiana in 1800? who sold it? | france spain |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: issues with New Orleans? | the americans' right of deposit here was retracted, though protected by a treaty |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: James Monro and Robert Livingston | made the original offor to napoleon to buy Louisiana for $10 million |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: why did napoleon sell all of Lousiana? (2 reasons) | 1) couldn't secure santo domingo like napoleon wanted 2) Napoleon didn't want to drive America into an alliance with Great Britain, his enemy who controlled the seas, by refusing |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: final terms of the Louisiana purchase | US payed $15 million for New Orleans and the land west of it |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: constitutional problems with the Louisiana purchase? what was done about it? | The constitution doesn't specifically permit the president to negotiate such a large expansion of the union. The purchase went through anyway, so US didn't scare off or dissuade Napoleon. |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the significance of Louisiana for American avoidance of "entangling alliances" | by purchasing louisiana, there would be almost no other European people left on the continent, which would allow america to disengage from almost all european distpute |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition? of the Zebulon Pike expedition? | - to explore the norther part of the louisiana purchase - to explore the southern territory |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: conflict between Aaron Burr and Alexander hamilton | Burr plotted the secession of NE and NY with the Federalists; the plot was exposed by Hamilton |
| 19C: JEFERSON: his first vp? | Aaron Burr |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the death of Hamilton? | killed by Burr in a duel when Hamilton wouldn't fire |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: Burr's intentions in the SW? | to seperate the east from the west and expand his own empire |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the outcome of Burr's trial for treason? where did he go? what did he do there? | fount innocent - he plotted but didn't commit treason To Europe; urged france to allign with GB and attack US |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: what wars resumed and caused issues in the US in 1803 | Napoleonic wars |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: Britain's orders in council | edicts that closed French European ports to goreign shipping, including America, unless they passed a british port first |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: Berlin and milan decrees: what were they? response to what? | napoleon's response to the british orders in council they said all ships, even amiercan, at a british port would be captured |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: what happened to impressed sailors? | they were forced to fight on the King of England's ships |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the chesapeake affair | a british frigate, demanding 4 deserters off the US chesapeake, fired at the american ship when they were dnied. They killed and injured some americans and took the 4 anyway. |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the embargo act: what was it? what was it a response to? what was it an alternative to? | it was a response to the british and french it prohibited exports from the US and was an alternative to fighting france and great britain, who depended greatly on the exports of neutral America |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the impact of the embargo on american shippers and farmers? on smuggling? | - shippers had less business; farmers had a surplus of crops - smuggling increased |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: the non-intercourse act | passed by the US in response to the british and french; allowed trade with all nations except for great britain and france |
| 19C: JEFFERSON: why was the embargo act unsuccessful | it caused more discontent and economic suffering in the americans than on the british and french; the french stole exports from merchance ships; hard to enforce |
| 19C: MADISON: macon's bill no.2 | america would reinstate the embargo with the enemy of the nation who repealed restrictions on trade first |
| 19C: MADISON: napoleon's response to macon's bill no. 2 | he claimed to repeal the restrictions if the british repealed their orders of council; really, he just intended for the embargo to be placed on great britain |
| 19C: MADISON: us policy vs great britain | US waited for GB to repeal orders of concil if france and US traded; GB wanted US exports to itself, so it refused; the embargo was reinstated only on GB and american neutrality in the war was ended |
| 19C: MADISON: republican "war hawks" from s and w | wanted war |
| 19C: MADISON: the reason for war hawk anger against GB | orders in council interupted american trade; impressment |
| 19C: MADISON; 'trans-allegheny' white conflict with indians, esp. tecumseh and the prophet? | indians posed threat to expanding americans; all indeans east of the mississippi banded together under these brother indians |
| 19C: MADISON: the battle of tippecanoe: who won? impact on Harrison? on tecumseh? | Harrison beat the shawnees (led by the Prophet); Harrison was then regarded as a hero; Tecumseh was forced to allign with GB |
| 19C: MADISON: republican ideas about attacking british canada? about spanish (british ally) florida? | they wanted to attack canada to beat the indians; wanted to attack florida since it was held by spain, who was an ally to GB |
| 19C: MADISON: madison's main reason for supporting a declaration of war | to restore americans' trust in america's republican gov. |
| 19C: MADISON: what was ironic about america's declaration of war on GB? | GB had said they would repeal the orders of council, but news didn't reach america in time for war not to be declared |
| 19C: MADISON: sectional divisions over the war | Anti-war: N&S federalists Pro-war: S |
| 19C: MADISON: why did federalists appose war with GB? | they sympathized with GB and disliked America's sympathy toward France; they didn't want canada conquered because it would create more land for republicans, which would decrease the number of federalists |
| 19C: MADISON: near treasonous actions of New England during the war | Financially supported GB; supplied the british in canada; NE governors wouldn't allow army to serve outside state, only in NE |
| 19C: MADISON: w of 1812; location of american attacks? what happened to them? | canada (site of weak british) americans forced back (ill organized) |
| 19C: MADISON: W OF 1812: american advantages in the war | Better crafted ships, passion among those who manned ships, more skilled gunners |
| 19C: MADISON: W OF 1812: the Constitution | victory over smaller, weaker british ship |
| 19C: W OF 1812: the outcome of the battle of lake erie? purpose? leader? | Crude american ships and sailors beat the british; was to gain vital control of the great lakes; Oliver Hazard perry |
| 19C: W OF 1812: significance of Lack Champlain victory? who led it? | it drove the british forces back and orotected us from complete invasion |
| 19C: W OF 1812: results of british attack on washington | some americans fell back, but not those at baltimore |
| 19C: W OF 1812: origin of the star spangled banner | attack on wa: witnessed by frances scott key, the writer of the song |
| 19C: W OF 1812: Battle of new Orleans: actions on both sides? its outcomes? impact on jackson's fame and america's self-concept? irony? | - British launched frontal march; America waited in trenches - british casualties outnumbered american - Jackson became a national hero; america gained more confidence - the war ended in Belgium with a treaty before the battle was fought |
| 19C: W OF 1812; Treaty of Ghent: terms? exclusion? why? what did it end? | war of 1812; fighting was to cease and land was to be returned to original holders; british influence of indians, orders in council, and search and seizure wasn't mentioned; neither side had the strength to demand; war of 1812 |
| 19C: W OF 1812: the Hartford (connecticut) confention: propose ammendments about imposing embargoes? about admitting new states? about declaring war? long-term impact on the federalists? | 2/3 of congress needed to approve embargoes, to admit new states, and declare war; it was the final blow to the federalist party |
| 19C: W OF 1812: the war's diplomatic effect | reiterated america's no-tolerance policy for wrong-doings |
| 19C: W OF 1812: impact of war on sectionalism? on western indians? on american manufacturing? | showed how sectionalism could be a weakness; lost land to america in treaties when abandoned by GB; manufacturing grew |
| 19C: W OF 1812: post-war Rush-Bagot treaty: who signed it? terms? | signed by GB AND US; significantly limited armament on the great lakes, which continued to be fought for |
| 19C: post war: the bank of the US? building in wa, dc? american military? protective tariff? | revived by congress new capital built there was expanded protective tariff on imports |
| 19C: post war; Henry Clay's American system (3 things) | 1) bank 2) protective tariff 3) canals and roads |
| 19C: post war; Calhoun's Bonus Bill | money to states for internal improvements; vetoed and deemed unconstitutional (= states had to improve themselves) |
| 19C: monroe: his party & state | republican; virginia |
| 19C: MONROE: federalists in the election? the era of good feelings? what were ppl happy about? angered by? | the last federalist candidate to run; this eara was characterized by nationalism, but also by discontent over the tariff, bank, internal improvements, sale of public land, and talk of seccession |
| 19C: MONROE: what was the panic of 1819? the impact on western settlers? on westerners' perceptions of the bank of the US? | overspeculation in the west by the bank caused deflation, unemployment, etc. foreclosed farms created a negative perception of the bank (saw it as the enemy) |
| 19C: MONROE: cumberland/national road's impact on settlers? | improved the ability to go west |
| 19C: MONROE: western ideas about the sale of public land? about transportation? about money? | land and transportation should be cheap; wanted smaller wildcat banks to provide cheap money |
| 19C: MONROE: the proposed tallmadge amendment | missouri couldn't admit more slaves and children of slaves would begin to be emancipated |
| 19C: MONROE: henry clay's role in the missouri controversy | he worked for a compromise |
| 19C: MONROE: the terms of the missouri compromise | missouri would be admittd a s a slave state, but maine and MA were split into 2 (kept n:s balanced; slave admission banned in other louisiana land |
| 19C: MONROE: treaty/convention of 1818 | Louisiana limited to 49th parallel; americans and canadians to share newfoundland fisheries |
| 19C: MONROE: Jackson's actions in east florida | to enter florida, punish hostile indians, capture runaways, and respect posts - but didn't |
| 19C: MONROE: the Adams-Onis treaty | florida and some of oregon purchased in exchange for american holdings in texas |
| 19C: MONROE: threats from the European Quadruple alliance? NW threat from russia? | in crushing rebellions, they'd restore old-world monarchs and thus crush democracy to cut off CA with trading posts and jurisdiction extended to british columbia |
| 19C: MONROE: Monroe doctrine (two points) (1823) | 1) non intervention 2) non colonization |
| 19C: MONROE: britain and the monroe doctrine | britain approved it since they were warry of russia, too |
| 19C: the election of 1824: candidates and parties? where did it go? | all republican: John quincy Adams henry clay william crawford andrew jackson to the house of reps |
| 19C: why did clay support adams in the house vote | crawford had a stroke; he disliked jackson, so he suppported adams |
| 19C: the "corrupt bargain" | After Adams was elected, Clay was appointed as his secretary of state; it looked like a bribe |
| 19C: JQAdam's patronage policy? his proposed nationalist programs? | - he wouldn't appoint/remove people based on political party - supported internal improvements, construction of university and observatory |
| 19C: the party that nominated Adams v. Jackson in 1828? sectional support of each candidate? | National republicans; democratic republicans Adams: NE and new england Jackson: w and s |
| 19C: political center of gravity in 1830 | moved from the north to the north and south |
| 19C: the significance of jackson's inauguration | "King Mob" |
| 19C: Jackson's arguments in favor of the spoil system | He argued that everyone should have a turn at the office and while everyone could do it, there should be an undevided body of everyone of the same party (equally good at it) |
| 19C: JACK: NULL CRISIS: what led to the tariff of abominations? | people wanted high protective tariffs |
| 19C: JACK: NULL CRISIS: south CarolineaE xposision and Protest; author and point | calhoun; states should nullify the tariff of aboninations |
| 19C: JACK: NULL CRISIS: who nullified the tariff of abominations | south carolina |
| 19C: JACK: the indian removal act of 1830 and trail of tears | indians east of mississippi were removed to land designated for indians; many cherokees died on the trail |
| 19C: JACK: BANK war; why did Jackson oppose the bank | the disliked it and was prejudiced (he liked the westerners) |
| 19C: JACK: BANK WAR: Jackson's response to the bank re-charter bill | vetoed |
| 19C: JACK: the idea of the anti-masons | were against the influence of the masonic order; opposed jackson; involved in social and economic areas, unlike jacksonions |
| 19C: JACK: national nominating conventions | named candidates and became more complicated with the addition of national republicans and anti-masons |
| 19C: JACK: actions with federal deposits in the bank | he used them to fund the gov to ruin the bank by reducing funds |
| 19C: JACK: Biddle's reaction to Jackson ending the bank | created a small fiscal crisis in an attempt to show the bank's importance |
| 19C: JACK: pet and wildcat banks: their currency policy? | smaller banks that provided paper money |
| 19C: JACK: terms of the Specie Circular? its impact? | all land must be purchased with hard money. Caused an economic crash. |
| 19C: 1836: whig supporters? ideas? strategy? | began in senate and those ignored by jackson; internal programs, support by a market economy, commonman; wanted to nominate several whig candidates to keep democrats from winning majority and hoped house of reps would work out in their favor |
| 19C: 1836; democratic candidate and winner | martin van buren |
| 19C: VAN BUREN: problems with canada? impact of the panic of 1837? | - rebellion caused confrontation on N frontier (= almost war with GB) - funds collapsed, decrease in sale of public land, higher unemployment |
| 19C: VAN BUREN: his independent treasury plan (passed?) | would separate gov and bank; government money would go into cities instead of banks (passed) |
| 19C: VAN BUREN: stephen austin | land grant in texas area in exchange for establishing 300 american families there |
| 19C: VAN BUREN: conflict between mexicans and texans | texands didn't adhere to requirements that they be roman cathoilc and mexicanized |
| 19C: VAN BUREN: the alamo? the battle of san jacinto? | - santa Anna took out rebellious texans - texants attacked mexicans and captured santa anna, who signed 2 treates to remove mexican troops and extend texas border |
| 19C: VAN BUREN: why didn't the US annex texas when asked | slavery still prominent, which was opposed by the US |
| 19C: log gabin and hard cider campaign: 1840: canidates? | van buren (D) harrison (W) |
| 19C: 1840 change in political style | democrats return; commonpeople the new focus |
| ANTEBELLUM: the change in the center of american population | moved toward the frontier and past the mountains |
| ANTEBELLUM: did immigration increase or decrease | it greatly increased |
| AB: what made america seem attractive to european immigrants in the 1840s | europe had grown in population and became crowded; america promised freedom, opporunity; lower taxes and choice in military enrollment |
| 19C: NINA | no irish need apply |
| 19C: why did germans immigrate? where did they usually settle? what was their usual occupation? | rebllions failed, they sough democracy; some left due to crop failure middle west farming |
| 19C: order of the star spangled banner (the know nothing party) | wanted stricter limits on immigration |
| Industrial Rev (IRev): changes that occured | in production of agriculture, communication, and transportation |
| IREV: why did it come relatively late to the US | farming by peasants on cheap land = no employees for factories; not a lot of money for industrial investment |
| IREV: samuel slater | america's first textile machine |
| IREV: eli whitney | cotton gin and interchangeable parts |
| IREV: impact of 1807 embargo and war of 1812 on american manufacturing | stimulated |
| IREV: why so much demand for a protective tariff | the treaty of ghent brought an onslought of british goods; they needed a tariff to protect american goods |
| IREV: elias howe and isaac singer | sewing machine |
| IREV: idea of limited liability | investor risked only his part in company's stock in bankruptcy/legal matters |
| IREV: Samuel FB Morse | telegraph |
| IREV: demands by workers in the 1820s and 1830s | end to debt imprisonment, childresn' public education, 10 hour work days, good wagse, and better working conditions |
| IREV: 5th ammendment includes what? | due process clause |
| IREV: jobs for mostly single women | teaching and nursing (domestic services like servants) |
| IREV: "cult of domesticity" | the belief that a woman's most important role is as the homemaker |
| IREV: change in marriages in the 1850s | more for love |
| IREV: john Deere | a light, steel plow pulled by horses |
| IREV: Cyrus McCormick | mower-reaper |
| IREV: change from substinence farming | farmers production extended to markets, later to foreign markets (not strictly hand to mouth anymore) |
| IREV: Lancaster turnpike | highway from phili to lancaster (return profit) |
| IREV: robert fulton | steamboat |
| IREV: short and long term economic effcts of the Erie Canal | shipping here was cheaper and quicker; new cities along the canal; land around it increased in value; industrialization quickened |
| IREV: Cyrus Field | underground cable that connected Europe and the US |
| IREV: what were clipper ships | long and narrow ships that were quicker (sails) (traded speed for cargo room) |
| IREV: what caused the end of the pony express | morse's telegraph (caused the end of a need for physical delivery of mail) |
| AB: sectional economic specialization in the south, east, and west | south: cotton east: machines and textiles west: grain and livestock |
| IREV: the significance of the Charles River Bridge case (significance?) | chief justice taney decided community's rights were more important than corportae rights (encouraged compitition) |
| IREV: changes in state incorporation laws | limited liability (if sued/bankrupt, there was no threat to personal property) |
| IREV: wage changes from 1820-1860 for unskilled workers | every year, their wage increased by 1% |
| 19C: Deist beliefs | god created the world and allows people to run it; BASIS: reason and science |
| 19C: unitarian beliefs | believed not in the holy trinity, but in god; salvation through good works; an ins inherently good; god is fatherly, there is no need for depravity; appealed to less severe intellecualts (like calvanists) |
| 19C: 2nd great awakening: its general impacts | converted many; created new sects/churches; embraced evangelicalism (movements such as women's suffrage) |
| 19C: 2nd Gr Aw: beliefs of methodists and baptists | conversion and democracy in church; embraced emotions |
| 19C: 2ND GR AW: peter cartwright | traveling methodist preacher; physcial but not well educated |
| 19C: 2ND GR AW: charles g finney | preacher who denounced alcohol and slavery; embraced women praying audibly in public |
| 19C: 2ND GR AW: role of women in the movement | led family and others back to god |
| 19c; 2ND GR AW: millerites | believed christ was to return, but didn't actually happen |
| 19C: 2ND GR AW: churches and the slavery issue | S & n Baptist and Methodist churches were divided over the controversy of slavery; oher churche also split (ie Presbyterian) |
| 19C: 2ND GR AW: appeal of public education to prosperous americans | education kept low voters from being ignoration and causing problems |
| AB: Horace Mann | reforms in education: better/more schools, open longer, higher teacher pay, larger curriculum |
| AB: education for blacks | free; excluded the enlaved (education of them was disallowed by lawn - they couldn't learn to read/write) |
| AB; Noah Webster | textbooks |
| ab; William H McGuffey | readers (grade school level) |
| AB: traditional curriculum at american universities? funding for state universities? Jefferson and the U of Virginia? | - math, moreal philosophy, latin & greek - funding from land grants (federal) - focus on science and modern language |
| AB: Emma Willard | founder of troy female seminary(+female education and respectability) |
| AB: Oberlin | a school that admitted both men and women |
| AB: mary lyon | founder of Mount Holyoke seminary |
| AB: the impact of the 2nd GR AW | promoted anti earthly evils and mentality, like slavery and drinking |
| AB: changes for debtors | still severe until leg. abolished prisons for the debtors |
| AB: changes for criminals | less rigid laws and punishment; jail for reform, not just punishment |
| AB: Ts Arthur & Ten nights in a Barroom | told how a tavern ruined a town |
| AB: temperance vs. teetotalism | temperance: moderation teetotalism: anti-alchohol |
| AB: neal down and the maine law | stated no law to be made or consumed |
| AB: the impact of prohibitionists | less people, esp women, drank |
| AB: Elizabeth standon | spoke out against obeying men; pro women's suffrage |
| AB: susan b anthony | women's rights |
| AB: the grimke sisters | wanted to end slavery |
| ab; amelia bloomers | bloomers & shorter dresses |
| AB: Seneca Falls Declaration | declared equality of genders (launched movement for womens rights) |
| AB: the cause that eclipsed the women's rights movements in the 1850s | anti-slavery movement |
| AB communitarian: Brook farm | a successful farm until a fire caused debt and collapse; promoted plain living and high thinking |
| AB communitarian: Oneida community | free love, parents for superior off spring |
| AB communitarian: the shakers? leader? | Mother Ann Lee Established religious communities that believed in abstenence and rejected marriage |
| AB communitarian: the general intent of communitarian movements | to make cooperative/harmonious establishments (communities) |
| AB: Jefferson | invented new plow |
| AB; louis agassiz | studied bio and taught at harvard; he promoted original research |
| AB: john james audubon (& the society named after him) | painted naturalistic portraits of whildlife; Audubon society, which protected boards, was named after him |
| AB: revivals in architecture | greek and gothic |
| AB: Gilbert Stuart | a painter who idealized portraits of George washington |
| AB: the Hudson river School | focused on painting Romantic landscapes rather than portraits |
| AB: James Fenimore Cooper | 1st novelist of America to write new world themes |
| AB: the main ideas of transcendentalism | truth is attained throug observation and innerlight (a connection to God) (emphasis on individualism) |
| AB: Ralph waldo Emerson | anti-slavery, pro-union, -selfreliance, -improvement, -confidence, -freedom, -potomism |
| AB: Henry David Thoreau | embraced idealistic thought; anti-slavery; poet |
| AB: Walt Whitman | author; emotional and romantic |
| AB: herman melville | south sea stories |
| AB: francis parkman | wrote history books about colonial struggle between france and HB for control of north america |
| AB: why did most European immigrants avoid the S | didn't know much about cotton; comp. for land and slavery |
| AB: the distribution of slave owning among southern whites | about 1/4 of southern whites owned slaves (or their family did) |
| AB: why did so many nonslave owners defend slavery | they cont. to maintain the hope of owning slave one day (which would get them a higher social standing); proud of superior white race (compared to blace) |
| AB: life for free blacks in the S. v N. | S: could own property and slaves; kept from some jobs/testifying against whites; at risk of becoming slaves again N: sometimes disallowed from schools/voting/states; disliked by irish(job comp); prejudice against actual blacks instead of race |
| AB: source of most increase of slave population | natural |
| AB: population movement for slaves? impact of slave auctions? work for slaves? | - concentrated in south (cotton labor) - strengthened anti-slavery; seperated families - long work (no civil/political rights) |
| AB: legal protection for slaves? violence against slaves? potential for family life among slaves? | - little to none - flogging/lashing - stable; separation occured only on smaller plantations; took surnames of masters; no marriage to close blood relatives |
| AB: religion among slaves? the potential for their education? | - a combination of Christian and african - slaves dissallowed from education; whites didn't want them to get ideas about being discontent |
| AB: Denmark Vesey's rebellion | unsuccessful; hung |
| AB: Nat Turner's rebellion | (preacher) killed virginians in uprising (realiation and killing by whites) |
| AB: the impact of slavery on southern whites | fear of rebellious blacks and increase in blief of white supremecy |
| AB: american Colonization society | tried to return freed blacks to africa |
| AB: why was colonization ineffective as a means of ending slavery | they were several generations down the line; African Americans didn't want to go to an African colony (wanted to keep the american part of their culture) |
| AB: ways in which slavery ended in the north | state constitutions |
| AB: the example of GB for abolitionists | the Royal navy patrolled africa in an attempt to stop the slave trade; britain released slaves in the west indies; prohibited or promised eventual emancipation of slaves |
| AB: Theodore weld | abolitionist; 18-day slavery debate; when expelled, he extended his antislavery speec/gospels into the old northwest |
| AB: william loyd garrison | abolitionist; ran the LIBERATOR (antislavery newspaper) (american antislavery society followed his ideas) |
| AB: Wendell Phillips | followed Garrison; antislavery; refuse cotton and cane sugar |
| AB: Sojourner Truth | abolitionist; a free african american who advocated the emancipation of slaves |
| AB: frederick douglass | escaped from slavery and openly advocate emancipation of slaves 9threats/physical responses from opposing people) |
| AB: garrison v. douglass | garrison was more stubborn; he spoke out but offered no solution; douglass was flexible and approached politics and called for reform regardless of cost |
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