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Pol Sci
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Civil Rights | Guaranteed protections by government against unreasonable discrimination by other individuals or groups |
| Reasonable-Bias Test | discrimination can be considered reasonable if linked to legitimate gov. test. examples- drinking laws, income tax laws |
| Strict-Scrutiny Test | Any law that discriminates on basis of race is subject to this. Discrimination based on race is illegal, unless there is a compelling gov't interest |
| Jim Crow Laws | laws that permitted the segregation of races of races. example- separate schools, bathrooms, hospitals |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | Separate, but equal public facilities were equal, constitutional. supported jim crow laws |
| Brown vs. Board of Education | Supreme court ruled that public school segregation of races violated 14th amendment (equal protection clause) |
| Dejure Segregation | Seg. by law, busing permitted |
| De Facto Segregation | Seg. by economics and personal choice- residential segregation, busing not permitted. |
| De Facto Segregation Ruling | lead to "white flight" to suburbs and private schools to escape court ordered busing. Conclusion: can't force people to integrate |
| Missouri vs. Jenkins | Supreme Court ruled that judges couldn't order other taxpayers in the state to finance improvements in inner city schools in order to attract students. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Prohibited Discrimination in all public accommodations, banned employment discrimination based on race religion national origin and gender |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Prohibited use of any procedure that denied a person the right to vote based on a race, example literacy tests. 19th amendment, Equal Pay Act of 1963 |
| Comparable Worth | Equal pay for work requiring comparable skill, effort, and education. Limited success in courts |
| Affirmative Action | Procedures/policies designed to compensate for past discrimination |
| Gratz vs. Bollinger | In a 6-3 decision, the supreme court struck down the use of racial point system in school admin. |
| Grutter vs. Bollinger | In a 5-4 decision, supreme court ruled that use of race as a factor (pos or neg) in school admin is legal. Achieving diversity in higher education was deemed a compelling gov't interest and did not unduly harm non-minority applicants |
| AA philosophy--Equality of Opportunity | 14th amendment, civil rights act of 1964, each individual is responsible for their own success/failure on talent, work, ethic |
| AA philosophy--Equality of Results | Social and economic justice. Gov't has responsibility to ensure this via programs such as affirmative action, income redistribution, social welfare programs |
| Is equality of results (AA) reverse discrimination? | Violation of 14th amendment |
| Rogents of Univ. Of Cali vs. Bakke | US davis medical school, only 100 admitted each year, 16 slots reserved for minority, struck down use of racial quotas in school admin, although suggested using race as a factor |
| Public Opinion | What the public thinks about a particular issue, event, person at a particular point in time |
| Characteristics of Public Opinion | 1. Direction, 2. Intensity, 3. Stability (trends), 4. Consistency |
| How is Public Opinion measured? | Via survey or poll |
| Accuracy in measuring Public Opinion influenced by: | -Sample size (larger is best) -Sampling Procedure (random) -Response rate (higher is better) -Representatives of sample (census data) |
| Focus Groups | Understanding why people hold certain opinions. 8-12 people, 2 hour session, in-depth analysis |
| Political Socialization | Process by which people acquire and develop their basic political opinions, beliefs, and attitudes |
| Factors that strongly influence political socialization | 1. Family 2. School 3. Peer Groups 4. Media 5. Major Life/World Events 6. Opinion Leaders |
| Political Efficacy | The degree to which one believes they can understand politics AND have an impact on the political process |
| Differences in U.S. Public Opinion | 1. "Gender Gap" 2. Race/Ethnicity |
| Liberals Support | 1. Large, powerful national gov't to regulate economy, healthcare, and environment 2. Social welfare policies assisting disadvantaged (medicaid, food stamps, Head Start, AA) 3. Policies to redistribute income through higher taxes on wealthy and corps. |
| Liberals Support | 4. Decreases in military spending and size 5. Equality of opportunity and results |
| Conservatives Support | 1. Smaller national gov't and greater reliance on market forces to generate jobs, provide healthcare 2. Fewer social welfare policies 3. Lower taxes overall, and tax breaks to encourage economic growth and job creation |
| Conservatives Support | 4. Increases in military spending and size 5. Equality of opportunity BUT NOT results |
| Conservatives tend to be... | Republicans |
| Liberals tend to be... | Democrats |
| Best Predictors of Whether a Person Will Vote or Not | 1. Education (best predictor) 2. Household Income 3. Age |
| Political Parties | Organizations that seek to control and operate government by electing its people to public office (republican and democratic parties) |
| Party Realignment | When the dominant majority political party is replaced by another political party during an election |
| Presidential Elections | Every 4 years, 1st Tuesday in November |
| Congressional Elections | Every 2 years, 1st Tuesday in November -all 435 seats -1/3 of senate seats -called mid-term or off-year if not during presidential cycle |
| Two Basic Types of Elections | 1. Primary (nominating election-narrows the field) prior to general election 2. General (determines who will hold office) |
| Two Types of Primary | 1. Closed (most common): Participation restricted to those registered with a particular party 2. Open: regardless of one's party ID, may vote in either party's primary BUT NOT both |
| Electing a president - Electoral College | The first person to reach 270 votes wins. -if no one reaches 270, election decided in House of Reps |
| Interest groups | Organizations that seek to influence gov't and its outputs/policies (labor unions, chamber of commerce, AARP) |
| Political parties seek to... | Control government |
| Interest groups seek to... | Influence government |
| How do Interest Groups (lobbyists) Influence the Government Decision Makers | 1. Supply credible, dependable information 2. Campaign Contributions (political action committees) 3. Public Endorsements |
| How do Interest Groups (lobbyists) Influence the Government Decision Makers | 4. Grassroot Mobilization (mobilize interest group members to contact elected officials) 5. Litigation (using the courts to influence public policy) |
Created by:
kst555
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