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Chapter 7
Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary function of the muscular system? | To move the skeleton |
| What are the other functions of the muscular system | Provides mobility, movement, and heat |
| The skeletal system includes the skeletal muscles, but not the __________ or __________ muscle. | The cardiac and smooth muscle |
| What are muscle cells specialized for? | Contraction |
| What happens to a muscle when it contracts? | It shortens |
| Each muscle is made up of thousands of individual ___________ | Muscle cells (muscle fibers) |
| Tendons anchor muscle to __________ and other muscles. | Bone |
| A flat sheet like tendon. | Aponeurosis |
| What are tendons made of? | Fibrous connective tissue. |
| This is where the muscle orginates. | Orgin. |
| This is the opposite end of the orgin across a joint from the origin usually. | Insertion. |
| What is the primary muscle that brings out the desired movement? | Protagonist. |
| Which muscle does the opposite of the desired movement? | Antagonist. |
| What muscles bring about the desired movement? | Synergist. |
| The lobes that initiate the signal to the muscle in the premotor and motor areas of the cortex are the? | Frontal lobes. |
| What coordinates the movements of a muscle in a very specific way> | Cerebellum. |
| What lobe is the sensation of muscle sense sensed? | The parietal lobe for conscious input. |
| What is muscle tone? | A slight contraction of muscle that is present most of the time? |
| This changes with position? | Muscle tone. |
| Heat production from normal muscle metabolism is called? | Thermogenesis. |
| Heat production from normal muscle metabolism is due to? | Chemical reactions and friction increased with activity. |
| Muscle sense is also known as? | Proprioception. |
| Proprioception (muscle sense)is the awareness of the ________ and _________ . | Muscles and joints. |
| Detects changes in the length of muscles? | Proprioception. |
| What is the primary energy source for muscle contraction? | ATP that is already present and short lasting. |
| What is the secondary energy source for muscle contraction? | Creatine phosphate. |
| Creatine and phosphate break down to release what? | Energy. |
| When creatine and phosphate break down and release energy it is to make more? | ATP. |
| Most creatine is converted back to creatine phosphate but some of it is converted to? | Creatinine? |
| What is creatinine? | Nitrogenous waste product. |
| What is the most abundant energy source in the body? | Glycogen. |
| What is glycogen? | Chains of glucose molecules. |
| Glycogen gets broken down into______________ which goes through cellular respiration. | Glucose. |
| What is cellular respiration? | A process in which the energy of nutrients is released in the form of ATP (heat). |
| Glucose + oxygen + carbon dioxide + water + ATP + heat is? | Cellular respiration. |
| What are two sources of Oxygen in the body? | Hemoglobin and Myoglobin. |
| What carries oxygen in the blood and contains iron which binds with oxygen? | Hemoglobin. |
| What carries oyxgen in the muscle and contains iron which binds to oxygen and makes the muscle red? | Myoglobin. |
| What carries oxygen in the blood? | Hemoglobin. |
| What carries oxygen in the muscle? | Myoglobin. |
| When the need for oxygen is greater than the supply this is called? | Oxygen debt. |
| What is Hypoxia? | A deficiency of oxygen. |
| What is glucose converted to in an anaerobic respiration? | Lactid acid. |
| In the liver lactid acid is converted to? | Pyruvic acid. |
| Breathing to supply the oxygen required by the liver to detoxify lactic acid is called? | Recovery oxygen uptake. |
| What is a muscle figer? | Microscopic structure. |
| A motor nerve ending at each muscle fiber is called? | Neuromuscular junction. |
| Each muscle fiber has one? | Neuromuscular junction. |
| What is the axon terminal? | The enlarged tip of the motor neuron. |
| The axon terminal contains sacs of what neurotransmitter? | ACh (acetylcholine) |
| What is the cell membrane of the muscle fiber called? | Sarcolemma. |
| The sarcolemma contains ______________ sites for ACh. | Receptor. |
| The sarcolemma contains cholinesterase that _____________ ACh. | Deactivates. |
| What is the synapse? | The small space between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber sacrolemma. |
| The synapse may also be referred to as the ____________________. | Synaptic cleft. |
| Within the muscle fibers there are thousands of individual contracting units called ______________ . | Sarcomeres. |
| A group of sarcomeres arranged end to end in cylinders are called ______________ . | Myofibrils. |
| What is actin? | A thick filament with contractile proteins that interact with myosin. |
| What is myosin? | A thin filament with thicker contractile proteins. |
| The protein backbone that anchors actin filaments is called the ____________ . | Z line. |
| The Z line ___________ the end boundaries of the sarcomere. | Forms. |
| The protein that anchors myosin to the Z line is called ___________ . | Titin. |
| What two inhibitory proteins prevent contraction when relaxed? | Tropin and tropomyosin. |
| Surrounding the sarcomeres is the ___________ . | Sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
| The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the _____________ of the muscle cell. | ER (endoplasmic reticulum). |
| The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ___________ ions. | Calcium. |
| Calcium ions are essential for the ___________ . | Contraction process. |
| Contraction begins when a ____________ causes the release of ACh. | Nerve impulse. |
| ACh is released from the _____________. | Axon terminal. |
| ACh causes an ____________ impulse in the sarcolemma. | Electrical. |
| The electrical impulse in the sarcolemma causes ___________ filaments to pull against ___________ filaments. | 1. actin 2. myosin |
| what is a sliding filament mechanism? | The sequence of events that occurs within the sarcomeres when a muscle fiber contracts. |
| When a muscle fiber is relaxed the sarcolemma is ______________. | Polarized. |
| During polarization the outside of the sarcolemma has a ____________ charge. | Positive. |
| During polarization the inside of the sarcolemma has _____________ charge. | Negative. |
| During polarization there is more ____________ outside the sarcolemma. | Na+ (sodium) |
| During polarization there is more ____________ inside the sarcolemma. | K+ (potassium) |
| The __________ is set up by the sodium and potassium pump. | Gradient. |
| The sodium and potassium pumps are both ________________. | Active transport mechanisms. |
| Active transport mechanisms require ___________. | ATP (energy) |
| During depolarization of the sarcolemma the ACh bonds to _____________. | ACh receptors. |
| When ACh bonds to the ACh receptors this causes the sarcolemma to become more ___________ to Na+ (sodium). | Permeable. |
| When Na+ rushes into the cell it _____________ it. | Depolarizes. |
| When the cell is depolarized it causes a _________ of charges. | Reversal. |
| What is depolarization? | A reversal of charges within a cell. |
| What are T tubules? | Channels that carry the action potential to the inner parts of the cell. |
| What is repolarization? | The resetting of the action potential following depolarization. |
| What is flexion? | Reducing the angle of a joint. |
| What is extension? | Increasing the angle of a joint. |
| What is inversion? | Tilting the foot/ankle medially (inward). |
| What is eversion? | Tilting the foot/ankle laterally (outward). |
| What is supenation? | Rotating the palm up. |
| What is pronation? | Rotating the palm down. |
| What is lateral flexion? | (R&L) side bending. |
| What is rotation? | (R,L, internal, external) Rotating around a joint. |
| What is circumduction? | Moving in a circular motion without rotation. |
| What is abduction? | To bring a part away from the mid-line. |
| What is adduction? | To bring a part toward the mid-line. |
| What is retraction? | To bring a part toward the mid-line or posteriorly. |
| What is protraction? | To bring a part away from the mid-line or anteriorly. |
| What is translation? | A,P,R,L |
| What is dorsiflexion? | The decreasing angle of the ankle joint. |
| What is plantarflexion? | The increasing angle of the ankle joint. |
| The calf muscle is made up of __________ muscles. | Three. |
| The three muscles in the calf muscle are the _________, __________, and the _____________. | Gastrocnemeus, soleus, plantaris. |
| The rotator cuff consists of the four muscles _________, __________,__________, and the __________. | Supraspinatous, infraspinatous, subscapularis, teres minor. |
| The glutes constist of three muscles called the ___________, _____________, ______________. | Glutes maximus, glutes minimus, glutes medius. |
| Name the four abdominal muscles. | External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis. |
| What does the word pollicis mean? | Thumb. |
| Name four organ systems that are essential for the proper functioning of the muscular system. | Nervous system, respiratory system, circulatory system, skeletal system. |
| Name the organ system responsible for carrying carbon dioxide away from contracting muscles. | The circulatory system. |
| Name the organ system responsible for transmitting nerve impulses for the contraction of muscles. | The nervous system. |
| The organ system that is moved by muscles is the __________ system. | Skeletal. |
| The organ system that ensures adequate oxygen intake for muscles is the ___________ system. | Respiratory. |
| Muscles are attatched to bones by __________. | Tendons. |
| Tendons are made up of ___________ tissue. | Fibrous connective. |
| The fibers of a tendon merge with the fascia of a muscle and the ___________ of a bone. | Periosteum. |
| The more stationary attachment of a muscle to a bone is called the _________. | Orgin. |
| The more movable attachment of muscle to bone is called the __________. | Insertion. |
| Muscles with oppisite functions are called what? | Antagonist. |
| Muscles with the same or similar functions are called what? | Synergistic. |
| What is the specific action of a muscle when it contracts? | To pull a bone. |
| Muscles that move the lower leg must cross what joint? | The knee joint. |
| Muscles that move the forearm must cross what joint? | The elbow joint. |
| The state of slight contraction present in healthy muscles is called ____________. | Muscle tone. |
| Muscle tones depend on _____________. | Nerve impulses. |
| Exercise that involves contraction with movement is called _____________. | Isotonic. |
| Exercise that involves contraction without movement is called _____________. | Isometric. |
| Having a sense of where our muscles are is called ____________. | Muscle sense. |
| What are stretch receptors? | Sensory receptors in the muscle. |
| Information from stretch receptors is essential for _____________. | Muscle sense. |
| The contraction of skeletal muscles is initiated by the _____________ lobes of the cerebrum. | Frontal. |
| What part of the brain coordinates the actions of skeletal muscles? | The cerebellum. |
| Conscious muscle sense is a function of the ___________ lobes of the cerebrum. | Parietal. |
| The integration of unconscious muscle sense is a function of the _____________. | Cerebellum. |
| What is the direct energy source for muscle contraction? | ATP. |
| What are two indirect energy sources for muscle contraction? | Creatine phosphate, glycogen. |
| In cell respiration, the _________________ produced is a waste product. | Carbon dioxode. |
| The waste product creatine comes from creatine phospate, and is excreted by the _____________. | Kidneys. |
| In cell respiration, the ____________ produced is used for muscle contraction. | ATP |
| In cell respiration, the ___________ produced contributes to body temperature. | Heat. |
| In muscles, oxygen is stored by ____________. | Myoglobin. |
| The iron-containing protein in muscles is myoglobin, and its function is to _____________. | Store oxygen. |
| Lactic acid is produced by muscles that lack ____________. | Oxygen. |
| The term oxygen debt refers to a lack of oxygen during the process of ______________. | Cell respiration. |
| The axon terminal is the end of the _______________. | Motor neuron. |
| The space in the neuromuscular junction is called the _____________. | Synapse. |
| The sarcolemma is the membrane of the ______________. | Muscle fiber. |
| Acetylcholine is contained within the _____________. | Axon terminal. |
| Cholinesterase is contained within the ____________. | Sarcolemma. |
| In a neuromuscular junction, the impulse is transmitted from the motor neuron by _____________ to the muscle fiber. | Acetylcholine. |
| In the neuromuscular junction acetylcholine is inactivated by ________________. | Cholinesterase. |
| Within a fiber muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum contains ______________. | Calcium ions. |
| Within a sarcomere, the contracting proteins are ______________ and ____________. | Myosin, actin. |
| During exercise, there is more blood within muscles because of _______________ within the muscles. | Vasodialation. |
| During exercise more blood will be circulated to muscles because of increased ____________. | Heartrate. |
| During exercise. excess heat is given off as ___________ icncreases. | Sweating. |
| The muscels around the eye that closes the eye is the ___________. | Orbicularis oculi. |
| The muscles around the mouth that puckers the lips is the ______________. | Orbicularis oris. |
| The muscle attached to the mandible that raises the lower jaw is the _____________. | Masseter. |
| The muscle on the shoulder that abducts the arm is the ____________. | Deltoid. |
| The muscle on the front of the arm that flexes the forearm is the __________. | Biceps brachii. |
| The muscle on the back of the arm that extends the forearm is the ______________. | Triceps brachii. |
| The muscle on the upper back that raises or lowers the shoulder is the ____________. | Trapezius. |
| The muscle on the chest that flexes and adducts the arm is the ______________. | Pectoralis major. |
| The muscle on the back of the trunk that extends and adducts the arm is the ____________. | Latissimus dorsi; teres major. |
| The muscle on the ventral side of the trunk that flexes the vertebral column is the ____________. | Rectus abdominus. |
| The muscle on the buttock that extends the thigh is the ____________. | Gluteus maximus. |
| The muscle in the inguinal area that flexes the thigh is the _____________. | Iliopsoas. |
| The muscle on the front of the thigh that flexes the thigh is the _____________. | Quadriceps femoris. |
| The muscle group on the back of the thigh that extends the thigh is the ______________. | Hamstring group. |
| The muscle on the lateral side of the hip that abducts the thigh is the ___________. | Gluteus medius. |
| The muscle on the front of the thigh that flexes the thigh and the lower leg is the _____________. | Sartorius. |
| The muscle group on the medial side of the thigh that adducts the thigh is the __________. | Adductor group. |
| The muscle on the front of the lower leg that dorsiflexes the foot is the _____________. | Tibialis anterior. |
| The muscle on the back of the lower leg that plantar flexes the foot is the ______________. | Gastrocnemius; soleus |
| A synergist to the gastrocnemius is the ____________. | Soleus. |
| An antagonist to the gastrocnemius is the ________. | Tibialis anterior. |
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