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Ch.6/MED 126
The Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skeletal system consists of? | Bones and accessory structures that make up the joints. |
| Skeletal system provides a framework for? | Support |
| Movement allows movement by providing attachment sites for? | Skeletal muscle |
| Skull and rib cage protects? | Internal organs |
| What is hemopoiesis? | Blood formation |
| Hemopoiesis is produced in the? | Red bone marrow |
| Hemopoiesis is produced in the red bone marrow from what type of cells? | Stem cells |
| Movement and protection are functions of the? | Skeletal system |
| Calcium storage is a function of the? | Skeletal system |
| Calcium storage allows calcium levels to be maintained by? | Putting calcium in or removing calcium from bones |
| What is essential for many body functions including clotting and muscle and nerve function? | Calcium storage |
| Bone tissue is made up of? | Connective tissue |
| What are osteocytes? | Bone cells |
| The matrix of bone tissue is made up of? | Calcium salts and collagen |
| Does bone tissue change constantly? | Yes |
| There are 2 types of bone tissue called? | Compact bone and spongy bone |
| Compact bone is AKA? | Cortical bone |
| Compact bone is made up of columns called? | Osteons or haversian systems |
| Concentric rings surround a? | Haversian canal |
| Haversian canals contain? | Blood vessels |
| Osteocytes are in spaces called? | Lacuna |
| Osteocytes are in spaces called lacuna and communicate via? | Canaliculi |
| Spongy bone is AKA? | Cancellous bone |
| Is spongy bone very porous? | Yes |
| What bone is NOT arranged into haversian systems? | Spongy bone |
| Spongy bone often contain? | Red bone marrow |
| Red bone marrow in spongy bone produces? | RBCs, platelets, and 5 types of WBCs (hemopoiesis) |
| Long bones are longer than they are? | Wide |
| Examples of long bones? | Femur, humerus |
| There are 3 parts to long bones called? | Diaphysis, Epiphysis, and Metaphysis |
| Diaphysis is AKA? | Shaft |
| What is the middle long part of long bones? | Diaphysis |
| What part of the long bone is hollow and compact? | Diaphysis |
| The medullary cavity is in the? | Diaphysis |
| The medullary cavity is AKA? | Marrow canal |
| The medullary cavity contains _______ marrow? | Yellow |
| The medullary cavity contains yellow marrow which is mostly? | Adipose or fat |
| What are the ends of long bones called? | Epiphysis |
| What is between the diaphysis and epiphysis? | Metaphysis |
| The metaphysis contains the growth plate (____________) here during growth? | Epiphyseal disc |
| What bones are about the same length as width? | Short bones |
| Examples of short bones? | Carpals and tarsals |
| What bones are flat? | Flat bones |
| Ilia, skull, and ribs are examples of? | Flat bones |
| What bones are irregular shapes? | Irregular bones |
| Vertebrae and facial bones are examples of? | Irregular bones |
| Short, flat and irregular bones are all made of? | Spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone |
| Spongy bone is covered with thin layer of? | Compact bone |
| What is articular cartilage? | Hyaline cartilage that covers the opposing surface of synovial joints |
| Articular cartilage is very smooth to reduce? | Friction |
| What is a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers bone? | Periosteum |
| Does periosteum cover where articular cartilage is? | No |
| The periosteum contains blood vessels and? | Nerves |
| In the periosteum, fibers merge with? | Ligaments and tendons to attach them to bones |
| What contains osteoblasts that become active after injury? | Periosteum |
| During embryonic growth the skeleton is a template/model of? | Cartilage or fibrous connective tissue |
| There are 2 types of bone development called? | Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral |
| Intramembranous ossification occurs in the? | Flat bones of the skull and facial bones |
| In intramembranous ossification, 2 membranes of ____________ tissue are formed? | Fibrous connective |
| During the 3rd month of development in intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts differentiate from? | Fibroblasts that are present |
| Intramembranous ossification begins at a _______________ in each bone? | Center of ossification |
| Intramembranous are incomplete at? | Birth |
| What are fontanels? | "Soft spots" of fibrous connective tissue membranes still present at birth |
| What allows for compression of the skull during birth? | Fontanels |
| Fontanels permit? | Growth |
| Fontanels are ossified by age? | 2 |
| During endochondral ossification, ________ model/template is replace by bone from osteoblasts? | Cartilage |
| Most of the skeleton is made this way by? | Endochondral ossification |
| Bone forms first during which ossification center? | Primary ossification centers |
| Bones form second during which ossification center? | Secondary ossification centers |
| In long bones the _______________ (growth plate) is a secondary center of ossification in each epiphysis? | Epiphyseal disc |
| Which side does cartilage mitotically divide? | Epiphysis side |
| Ossification occurs on the what side of long bones? | Diaphysis |
| The fontanels of an infant's skull is made up of? | Fibrous connective tissue |
| What are osteoclasts? | Cells that break down bone by resorption |
| Osteoclasts resorb the inner diaphysis of long bones to form the? | Medullary cavity or marrow canal |
| Bone begins as _____ marrow in the diaphysis but is replaced by ______ marrow after birth? | Red, Yellow |
| Osteoclasts also function in? | Maintenance and repair of bone |
| What are factors that affect growth and maintenance? | Heredity, Nutrition, Hormones, Exercise or Physical stress |
| What is the genetic potential for height and bone mass? | Heredity |
| What provides building blocks for the bones? | Nutrition |
| Calcium, phosphorous, and protein are required to build? | Bone |
| Vit. D is required for? | Absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine |
| Vit. A & C are important for the protein part of the? | Matrix |
| What are thyroxine, PTH, calcitonin, GH, testosterone, and estrogen? | Hormones |
| What does exercise or physical stress do to the bones? | Gives bone feedback to cause it to strengthen itself |
| What is decreased bone matrix causing weakness and a higher potential for fracture called? | Osteoporosis |
| The 2 divisions of the skeleton are? | Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton |
| What forms the axis of the body? | Axial skeleton |
| What division of the skeleton are the skull, spine, thoracic (rib) cage a part of? | Axial skeleton |
| What forms the appendages and girdles? | Appendicular skeleton |
| What are fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone? | Ligaments |
| What does foramen mean? | A hole or an opening |
| What does fossa mean? | A depression |
| What does crest mean? | A ridge or an edge |
| What does meatus mean? | A passageway |
| What is a process? | A projection |
| What is a facet? | A flat projection |
| What is a chondyl? | A "rounded" projection |
| What is a plate? | Flat |
| What is a tubercle? | A rounded projection |
| What is a tuberosity? | A rounded projection |
| What surrounds the brain and protects it, the eyes and ears? | Cranial bones |
| Frontal sinuses are in the? | Frontal bone |
| Parietal bone means? | "Wall" |
| The mastoid process, mastoid sinuses, external auditory meatus, and mandibular fossa are in the? | Temporal bone |
| The foramen magnum means? | "Large hole" |
| What is a spinal cord passageway? | Foramen magnum |
| In the occipital bone, the condyles are 2 joint surfaces lateral to foramen magnum that articulate with the? | C1 vertebra |
| What bone is shaped like a bat (mammal)? | Sphenoid bone |
| The sphenoid bone contains the? | Sella Turcica and sphenoid sinuses |
| What gland does the Sella Turcica hold? | Pituitary gland |
| In the ethmoid bone, crista galli (rooster's comb) is a vertical projection that anchors the? | Meninges |
| In the ethmoid bone, what forms the superior nasal septum? | Perpendicular plate |
| In the ethmoid bone, what is the cribriform plate? | Holes (olfactory foramina) that fibers from the olfactory bulb project through |
| The ethmoid bone contains _______ sinuses? | Ethmoid |
| In the ethmoid bone, what are the 4 curly bones on lateral walls of the nasal cavity? | Superior conchae |
| What are sutures? | Joints of the skull |
| Are sutures immobile? | Yes |
| What suture is between frontal and parietal bones? | Coronal suture |
| The squamos suture is between? | Parietal and temporal bones |
| The lambdoidal suture are between? | Parietal and occipital bones |
| What suture is between parietal bones? | Sagittal suture |
| The facial bones consists of the? | Mandible, Maxillae, Nasal bones, Lacrimal bones, Zygomatic bones, Palatine bones, Vomer, and Inferior conchae |
| What is the lower jaw, the only movable bone, and condyle (condyloid processes)? | Mandible |
| The maxillae are? | Paired upper jaw bones |
| Maxillary sinuses are part of the? | Maxillae |
| The maxillae forms? | Anterior part of the hard palate |
| Nasal bones form the? | Bridge of the nose |
| What is the medial orbit? | Lacrimal bones |
| What are "cheek bones" | Zygomatic bones |
| The palatine bones are the posterior part of the? | Hard palate |
| What is a single facial bone? | Vomer |
| The vomer is the inferior part of the? | Nasal septum |
| What are inferior conchae? | 2 curly bones on lateral nasal cavity |
| What is AKA spine, spinal column, and backbone? | Vertebral column |
| The vertebrae in the neck are called ________ vertebrae and there are __ of them? | Cervical, 7 |
| The vertebrae posterior to the lungs are called ________ vertebrae, and there are __ of them? | Thoracic, 12 |
| The vertebrae in the small of the back are called _______ vertebrae, and there are __ of them? | Lumbar, 5 |
| The human spine has two sets of fused vertebrae; these are the? | Sacrum and coccyx |
| The sacrum is composed of __ (number) fused vertebrae, and articulates with the? | 5, hip bones |
| The typical anatomy of the vertebral column is? | Body, Spinous process, transverse process, Facet (posterior) joint, and Rib facet (T only) |
| The weight baring part is the? | Body |
| The spinous process is the _______ projection? | Posterior |
| The transverse process is the _______ projections? | Lateral |
| The facet (posterior joint) is? | Superior and inferior |
| Cervical means? | Neck |
| C1 is AKA? | Atlas |
| What "holds up the world" and articulates with occipital condyles? | Atlas |
| C2 is AKA? | Axis |
| C1 pivots on C2 and is part of the? | Axis |
| Thoracic is AKA? | Dorsal |
| The thoracic articulates with? | Ribs on the body and transverse process on each side |
| What is the lower back called? | Lumbar |
| What is the "tailbone"? | Sacrum |
| The sacroiliac (SI) joints are part of the? | Sacrum |
| What is the vestigial structure that is a remnant of a tail? | Coccyx |
| What is the vertebral canal? | Canal formed by the vertebral arches that the spinal cord passes through |
| Vertebra is connected with? | Ligaments and discs |
| What serves as attachment sites for muscles? | Projections |
| What are discs? | Fibrocartilage pads between bodies and symphysis joints |
| Discs cushion and permit? | Movement |
| Are lateral curves normal? | No |
| Lateral curves are called _______ if greater than 15 degrees or so? | Scoliosis |
| 4 normal A-P curves are? | Cervical and lumbar lordosis and thoracic and sacral kyphosis |
| The type of bone that is made of osteons is? | Compact bone |
| They type of bone that is NOT made of osteons is? | Spongy bone |
| Flat and irregular bones are made pimarily of? | Spongy bone |
| The shafts of long bones are made primarily of? | Compact bone |
| The non-living part of bone tissue is called the? | Matrix |
| New bone matrix for growth is produced by cells called? | Osteoblasts |
| Reabsorption of bone matrix is the function of the cells called? | Osteoclasts |
| The embryonic cranial bones are first made of? | Fibrous Connective Tissue |
| The embryonic humerus and femur are both made of? | Cartilage |
| In an embryonic long bone, the first center of ossification is in the __________, and secondary centers are in the _________? | Diaphysis, Epiphyses |
| In a child's long bones, growth occurs at the? | Epiphyseal discs |
| On the epiphysis side of an epiphyseal disc, the process taking place is the? | Production of cartilage |
| On the diaphysis side of an epiphyseal disc, the process taking place is? | Replacement of cartilage by bone |
| Long bones stop growing when all of their? | Cartilage has been replaced by bone |
| The inherited maximum height a child can attain is called the? | Genetic potential |
| Two vitamins necessary for the calcification process in growing bones are? | A and C |
| Protein in the diet is needed to form the _________ in the bone matrix of a growing child. | Collagen |
| The hormone that increases the reabsorption of calcium from bones is? | Parathyroid hormone |
| The hormone that decreases the reabsorption of calcium from bones is? | Calcitonin |
| The hormone in women that promotes closure of the epiphyseal discs is? | Estrogen |
| The hormone in men that promotes closure of the epiphyseal disc is? | Testosterone |
| The hormone that provides energy for bone growth from all the three food types is? | Thyroxine |
| The hormone that provides energy for bone growth only from glucose is? | Insulin |
| The hormone that contributes to bone growth by increasing the rate of mitosis is? | Growth hormone |
| The hormones that contribute to bone growth by increasing the rate of protein synthesis are? | Thyroxine and Growth Hormone |
| Two hormones that provide the ATP production needed for growing bones are? | Insulin and Thyroxine |
| One function of the occipital and parietal bones is the same in that they? | Protect the brain |
| The bone that protects the receptors for healing is the? | Temporal bone |
| Two bones that protect the eye are the? | Frontal and sphenoid; maxilla; lacrimal; ethmoid; zygomatic |
| The air cavities in the maxillae and frontal bones are called? | Paranasal sinuses |
| The mastoid sinus is in the? | Temporal bone |
| The mastoid sinus is in the temporal bone and opens into the ___________ cavity? | Middle ear |
| The skull is made lighter in weight by the presence of _________ in some of the bones? | Sinuses |
| The sinus in the skull that does NOT provide resonance for the voice is the? | Mastoid sinus |
| The manubrium and xiphoid process are both parts of the? | Sternum |
| The vertebral column contains and protects the? | Spinal cord |
| The shoulder joint is formed by the? | Humerus and scapula |
| The hip joint is formed by the? | Femur and hip bone |
| The shoulder and hip joints are similar in that both are? | Ball-and-socket joints |
| The glenoid fossa and the acetabulum are both part of the? | Ball-and-socket joint |
| The type of joint that permits the greatest range of movement is the? | Ball-and-socket joint |
| The type of joint that does not permit movement is the? | Suture joint |
| The humerus and ulna form a ______ joint? | Hinge |
| The femur and tibia form a ______ joint? | Hinge |
| The two pubic bones form a ________ joint? | Symphysis |
| The atlas and the axis form a ______ joint? | Pivot |
| The ulna and radius form a _______ joint? | Pivot |
| The metacarpal of the thumb and the adjacent carpal form a _______ joint? | Saddle |
| The parietal and temporal bones form a ______ joint? | Suture |
| The mandible and temporal bone form a _____ joint? | Condyloid |
| Gliding joints are found between? | Carpals |
| What are bones of the wrist? | Carpals |
| A synovial joint is enclosed by the? | Joint capsule |
| The joint capsule is made up of? | Fibrous connective tissue |
| In a synovial joint, the joint capsule is lined with? | Synovial membrane |
| Synovial membrane produces? | Synovial fluid |
| The function of synovial fluid is to? | Prevent friction |
| The bone surfaces in a synovial joint are smooth because of the presence of? | Articular cartilages |
| The function of a bursa in a joint is to permit the sliding of a? | Tendon |
| Of pivot, saddle, and suture joints, the one that is NOT a synovial joint is the? | Suture |
| Of condyloid, gliding, and symphysis joints, the one that is not a synovial joint is the? | Symphysis |
| The structures that connect bone to bone are? | Ligaments |
| Ligaments are made up of? | Fibrous connective tissue |
| All of the kinds of blood cells are produced in the? | Red bone marrow |
| The primary hemopoietic tissue is the? | Red bone marrow |
| The type of bone marrow that is found in the diaphysis of long bones is? | Yellow marrow |
| Calcium and phosphorus are nutrients necessary to become part of the bone? | Matrix |
| Calcium is needed in the blood for the process of? | Clotting |
| The paranasal sinuses are lined with _______ epithelium? | Ciliated |
| The parts of the sternum are the? | Manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process |
| The ribs that articulate directly with the sternum are the __________ and there are __ pairs? | True ribs, 7 |
| The ribs that articulate indirectly with the sternum are the __________ and there are __ pairs? | False ribs, 3 |
| The ribs that do NOT articulate with the sternum are called ___________ and there are __ pairs? | Floating ribs,2 |
| The rib cage with its muscles is directly involved in the functioning of the? | Respiratory system |
| In the occipital bone, the condyles are 2 joint surfaces lateral to ________, that articulate with the C1 vertebra? | Foramen magnum |
| There are __ pairs of ribs and sternum? | 12 |
| The manubrium, body, and xiphoid process are part of the? | Sternum |
| What part of the sternum is superior? | Manubrium |
| What part of the sternum is the (gladiolum)-main, middle part? | Body of sternum |
| What part of the sternum is inferior? | Xiphoid process |
| What is costal cartilage? | Cartilage on the anterior aspect that attach ribs to sternum |
| Costal cartilage cobines with ___ rib cage? | 7th |
| What protects organs and provides attachment for muscles to allow breathing? | Ribs |
| What attaches the upper extremity to the axial skeleton? | Shoulder girdle |
| Shoulder girdle includes the? | Scapula and clavicle |
| Scapula is AKA | Shoulder blade |
| What separates the infraspinous and supraspinous fossae? | Spine of the scapula |
| What is the corocoid process? | Attachment for the tendon of the short head of the bicep |
| What is the lateral depression for the head of the humerus? | Glenoid fosa |
| The glenoid fossa forms a ____________ joint? | Ball and socket |
| What attaches to clavicle to form the AC joint? | Acromion process |
| The common landmark for the clavicle is called? | Midclavicular line |
| On the clavical, the sternal end attaches to the sternum at the? | Manubrium |
| On the clavicle, the acromial end attaches to the? | Acromion process |
| What long bone is in the upper arm? | Humerus |
| What is the attachment of the deltoid muscle? | Deltoid |
| On the humerus, the distal end articulates with the ulna to form a ________ joint and the radius to form a _______ joint? | Hinge, pivot |
| The capitulum articulates with the head of the? | Radius |
| What articulates with the semilunar notch of the ulna? | Trochlea |
| What is medial of the 2 forearm bones? | Ulna |
| What is the bump that we call our "elbow"? | Olecranon process |
| What is lateral of the 2 forearm bones? | Radius |
| What allows pronation and supination of the hand? | Radius |
| There are 8 wrist bones called carpals. These include? | Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate |
| Carpals joints form _______ joints? | Gliding |
| What are long bones in the hand that attach proximally to the carpals and distally to the phalanges? | Metacarpals |
| 1st CMC is a ________ (sellar) joint? | Saddle |
| What joint allows greater movement and opposition to the little finger? | Saddle (sellar) joint |
| What are finger bones called? | Phalanges |
| Phalanges form ______ joints? | Hinge |
| PIP is known as? | Proximal interphalangeal joints |
| DIP is known as? | Distal interphalangeal joints |
| IP is known as? | Interphalangeal joint (thumb only has an interphalangeal joint) |
| Pelvic girdle is AKA? | Pelvis |
| Pelvic girdle is made up of the pelvis bones called? | Os Coxa or Inominate bones |
| Os coxae are made of 3 bones called? | Pubic, Ischium, and Ilium |
| The iliac crest is AKA? | "hip bone" |
| PSIS is known as? | Posterior superior iliac spine |
| PSIS is the posterior part of the? | Iliac crest |
| Females pelvises are _______ than males? | Wider |
| What forms a ball-and-socket joint with the head of the femur, very deep, strong and stable and is a weight bearing joint? | Acetabulum socket |
| What is the long bone of the thigh? | Femur |
| On the femur, what is the lateral projection on the proximal end and anchors abductors? | Greater trochanter |
| On the femur, what is the medial projection on the proximal end and anchors extensors and adductors? | Lesser trochanter |
| Femur forms a _______ joint called the knee? | Hinge |
| On the femur, the distal end has two condyles that articulate with the? | Tibia |
| Patella is AKA? | Kneecap |
| What is a sesamoid bone anterior to the knee? | Patella |
| On the patella, what tendon attaches to the superior base? | Quadriceps tendon |
| On the patella, what ligament attaches the inferior apex to the tibial tuberosity? | Patellar ligament |
| What bone is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg? | Tibia |
| The anterior crest forms the? | Shin |
| What is AKA the ankle bone? | Medial malleolus |
| What is the inferomedial part that forms the medial "ankle bone"? | Medial malleolus |
| What is the non-weight bearing bone of the lower leg? | Fibula |
| The base of the fibula forms the ________ malleolus? | Lateral |
| The seven ankle bones are called tarsals and they include the? | Talas, Calcaneus, Cuniforms (1-3), Cuboid, and Navicular |
| What articulates with the tibia? | Talus |
| What is the heel bone called? | Calcaneus |
| What is the largest tarsal called? | Calcaneus |
| Cuneiforms (1-3) articulates with __________ (1-3) | Metatarsals |
| What are "foot" bones called? | Metatarsals |
| What are toes called? | Phalanges |
| Great/big toe is called? | Hallux |
| What arch of the foot runs A-P? | Longitudinal arch |
| What arch runs transverse to longitudinal? | Transverse |
| Arches of the foot are supported by? | Ligaments |
| Joints are AKA? | Articulations |
| The classification of joints are based on? | Either amount of motion or anatomy of the joint or amount of movement |
| Is synarthrosis immobile? | Yes |
| Examples of synarthrosis? | Cranial and facial bones |
| Is amphiarthrosis slightly movable? | Yes |
| Examples of amphiarthrosis? | Pubic symphysis, IVD's |
| What is freely movable? | Diarthrosis |
| Examples of diarthrosis and synovial joints only? | Shoulder, knee, elbow, etc. |
| Synovial joints are made of ________ cartilage on the joint surface of each bone? | Hyaline |
| The joint capsule of the synovial joints are made up of? | Fibrous connective tissue |
| Synovial membrane lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid for? | Lubrication and nourishment of the cartilage |
| What is bursa? | Sacs of synovial fluid that provides cushion |
| Bursa can be found surrounding? | Tendons or boney prominences |
| Bursa permits? | Tendons to slide easily |
| Bursitis is? | Inflammation |
| Degenaration is AKA? | Osteoarthritis |
| What is DJD? | Degenarative joint disease |
| What is DDD? | Degenerative disc disease |
| What is osteophytosis? | Growth of bone through a ligament or tendon |
| What is bony hypertrophy? | Irritation of periosteum increases osteoblast activity |
| Degenaration is erosion of _________ cartilage, generally in weight bearing joints, but can be any joint? | Articular |
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