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A&PI - Ch 6
Bones & Skeletal Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| growth from outside; cartilage forming cells in perichondrium form new matrix; growth accomplished by addition of new layers onto those previously formed | appositional |
| growth from within; chondrocytes inside cartilage divide & secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within | interstitial |
| cartilage growth ends during | adolescence |
| hyaline , elastic & fibrocartilage are all | skeletal cartilages |
| bones that are longer than they are wide; has shaft plus 2 ends; | long bones |
| all limb bones are long bones except | carpal, tarsal bones & patellar |
| cube-shaped bones of wrist & ankle | short bones |
| type of short bones that form within tendons (e.g. patella) | sesamoid bones |
| thin, flattened bones; sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skull bones | flat bones |
| bones w/complicated shapes; vertebrae & hip bones | irregular bones |
| support, protect, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation | functions of bones |
| external surfaces of bones; show projections, depressions, openings, e.g. tubercle, spine, process, facet, foramen etc. | bone markings |
| bone markings are for attachment for | muscles, ligaments, & tendons |
| bone markings form __ __ | joint surfaces |
| bone markings are for __ of blood vessels & nerves | passage |
| dense outer layer, smooth & solid | compact bone |
| internal layer made of needle-like trabeculae | spongy/cancellous bone |
| shaft; composed of compact bone that surrounds medullary cavity which contains marrow | diaphysis of long bones |
| expanded ends; compact bone on outside & spongy bone on inside | epiphyses of long bones |
| joint surface of epiphyses, of long bones, covered w/__ cartilage | hyaline |
| where epiphysial plate used to be; btwn diaphysis & epiphyses | epiphyseal line of long bones |
| region where epiphysis & diaphysis meet (could be epiphyseal plate/line) | metaphysis of long bones |
| double-layered membrane; covers outer surface of bone, richly supplied w/nerve fibers, blood vessels | periosteum of long bones |
| periosteum, of long bones, have __ __ layer of connective tissue | outer fibrous |
| periosteum, of long bones, have __ __ layer, composed of osteoblasts & osteoclasts | inner osteogenic |
| originating in bone; development & formation of bone | osteogenic |
| delicate membrane covering, internal surfaces of bone; has osteoblasts & osteoclasts | endosteum of long bones |
| covered compact bone on outside w/endosteum covered spongy bone on inside | periosteum of short, irregular, & flat bones |
| short, irregular, & flat bones __ __ diaphysis, epiphyses, or medullary cavity | have no |
| short, irregular, & flat bones contain __ __ btwn trabeculae | bone marrow |
| bone marrow at birth is __ __ | red marrow |
| red marrow, in infants, is found in __ cavity of diaphysis | medullary |
| red marrow, in infants, is found in __ __ of spongy bone | all areas |
| red marrow, in adults, found in __ __ __ | spongy bone cavities |
| red marrow, in adults, found in __ of femur & humerus | head |
| medullary cavities, in adults, contain __ | fat |
| sites for obtaining red marrow samples for diagnosis | sternum & iliac crest |
| compact bone has __ system | Haversian |
| structural unit made of hollow tubes of matrix | osteon |
| one of bony concentric layers surrounding Haversian canals in bone | lamella of compact bone |
| runs through each osteon; contains blood vessels & nerves | central canal of compact bone |
| any of small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from periosteum into bone; lie perpendicular to & communicate w/Haversian canals | Volkmann's canal |
| Volkmann's canals connect blood & nerve supply of __ to that of __ __ | periosteum; central canals |
| osteocytes lie in __ at __ of lamellae, in compact bone | lacunae; junctions |
| one of hair-like channels ramifying a haversian system in bone & linking lacunae w/one another & w/Haversian, within compact bone | canaliculi |
| spongy bone composed of __, needle-like pieces of bone, w/spaces in btwn | trabeculae |
| trabeculae, of spongy bone, contain __ __ lamellae & osteocytes connected by canaliculi | irregularly arranged |
| no osteons present in __ bone | spongy |
| osteogenic cells are | stem cells |
| osteoblasts are | bone-forming cells |
| osteocytes are | mature bone cells |
| osteoclasts are | cells that resorb/break down bone |
| unmineralized bone matrix composed of ground substance & collagen fibers, organic cell | osteoid |
| mineral salts are __ | inorganic |
| 65% of bone mass is | mineral salts |
| mineral salts are mainly salts of | calcium phosphate |
| processes of bone tissue formation | osteogenesis & ossification |
| osteogenesis & ossification leads to formation of __ __ in embryos | bony skeleton |
| osteogenesis & ossification leads to __ __ until early adulthood | bone growth |
| osteogenesis & ossification leads to __ __ in adult life | bone thickness |
| osteogenesis & ossification leads to __ & __ in adult life | remodeling; repair |
| begins at 8th week embryonic development | formation of bony skeleton |
| bone develops from a fibrous membranes; relating to, formed by, or being ossification of a membrane | intramembranous ossification |
| bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; relating to, formed by, or being ossification that takes place from centers arising in cartilage | endochondral ossification |
| ossification that involves deposition of lime salts in cartilage matrix, followed by 2ndary absorption & replacement by true bony tissue | endochondral |
| __ ossification involved in formation of most of flat bones of skull, frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal & clavicles | intramembranous |
| intramembranous ossification begins by | 8th week of development |
| in intramembranous ossification, 1st spongy bone formed, then | gets enclosed by compact bone |
| all other bones of skeleton formed by endochondral ossification of __ __ __ | hyaline cartilage models |
| endochondral ossification begins by 8th week of development w/appearance of __ __ __ | primary ossification centers |
| __ skeleton ossifies in predictable timetable | embryonic |
| at birth, most long bones are well __, except for their __ which consists of cartilage | ossified; epiphyses |
| shortly after birth __ ossification centers appear | secondary |
| after birth, epiphyses __ | ossify |
| when 2ndary ossification is complete, in long bones hyaline cartilage remains as | articular cartilages & epiphyseal plates |
| cartilage on surface of epiphysis | articular cartilage |
| located at junction of epiphysis & diaphysis; unites it with shaft, and is site of longitudinal growth of bone | epiphyseal plate |
| during infancy & youth, long bones lengthen by interstitial growth of | cartilage of epiphyseal plate, which is being replaced by bone |
| during infancy & youth, appositional growth of bones from | osteoblasts beneath periosteum |
| as adolescence ends, growth of cartilage becomes __, | less |
| as adolescence ends, __ __ become thin | epiphyseal plates |
| as adolescence ends, epiphyseal plates & cartilage then | replaced by bone |
| when bones of epiphysis & diaphysis fuse; bone lengthening stops (18y in f & 21y in m) | epiphyseal plate closure |
| by age 25, nearly all bones are __ __ | completely ossified |
| in childhood, bone formation exceeds __ | resorption |
| in youth, bone formation & resorption are __ | balanced |
| after 40 years bone mass __ w/age | decreases |
| in old age, bone resorption __ | predominates |
| depends on gender, race, & genetics | bone mass |
| stimulates epiphyseal plate activity during infancy & childhood | growth hormone |
| initially promote growth spurts during puberty; cause masculinization & feminization of specific parts of skeleton; later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth | testosterone & estrogens |
| bone remodeling includes bone __ & __ | deposition; resorption |
| hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in blood; mechanical & gravitational forces acting on skeleton | control of remodeling |
| fall in blood Ca levels signal parathyroid glands to release | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| signals osteoclasts to resorb bone matrix & release Ca into blood | PTH |
| once __ __ levels rise, PTH secretion will decrease | blood Ca |
| rise in blood Ca2+ levels | triggers release of calcitonin |
| stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone, reducing blood Ca levels | calcitonin |
| effects of calcitonin are __ __ in adults | less important |
| bone grows/remodels in response to forces/demands placed upon it; bones become stronger where stresses are acting | Wolff’s law |
| reflects stresses bone is under | bone anatomy |
| long bones are thickest __ along shaft, where bending stress is greatest | midway |
| are thickest where they are most likely to buckle | curved bones |
| large, bony projections occur where | heavy, active muscles attach |
| position of bone ends after fracture | nondisplaced/ displaced |
| completeness of break | complete/incomplete |
| orientation of bone to long axis | linear/ transverse |
| whether or not bones ends penetrate skin | compound (open)/ simple (closed) |
| bone fragments into 3+ pieces; particularly common in aged, whose bones are more brittle | comminuted |
| bone is crushed; common in porous bone (osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma, as in fall | compression |
| ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone; common sports fracture | spiral |
| epiphysis separated from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate; tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying & calcification of matrix is occurring | epiphyseal fracture |
| broken bone portion is pressed inward; typical of skull fracture | depressed |
| bone breaks incompletely; only one side of shaft breaks, other side bends; common in children, whose bones have relatively organic matrix & are more flexible than adult's | greenstick fracture |
| stage in healing of bone fracture when torn blood vessels hemorrhage, mass of clotted blood forms at fracture site; site become swollen, painful, & inflamed | hematoma formation |
| few days after hematoma formation, __ __ forms | fibrocartilaginous callus |
| when fibrocartilaginous callus forms, __ __ appears which is a soft callus | granulation tissue |
| during fibrocartilaginous callus formation, __ __ begin cleaning debris | phagocytic cells |
| during fibrocartilaginous callus formation, __ & __ grow forming collagen & some cartilage matrix produced | capillaries; fibroblasts |
| new bone trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus, which converts into a bony (hard) callus & begins week after injury, continues until firm union is formed 2 months later - all during | bone callus formation |
| excess material on bone shaft exterior & in medullary canal removed & compact bone laid down to reconstruct shaft walls during | bone remodeling |
| bones of adults are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones; main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone; caused by insufficient calcium in diet, or by vitamin D deficiency | osteomalacia |
| bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing soft weakened bones; bowed legs & deformities of pelvis, skull, & rib cage are common; caused by insufficient calcium in diet, or by vitamin D deficiency; has been essentially eliminated in US | rickets |
| group of diseases in which bone resorption out-paces bone deposition; occurs most often in postmenopausal women | osteoporosis |
| in osteoporosis, spongy bone of spine is __ __ | most vulnerable |
| in osteoporosis, bones become so fragile that can __ __ | easily fracture |
| includes, calcium & vitamin D supplements, increased weight-bearing exercise, hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss | osteoporosis treatment |
| skeletal cartilage is made of some variety of cartilage tissue, which consists | primarily of water |
| accounts for cartilage's resilience, or ability to spring back to original shape after being compressed | high water content |
| cartilage containing no nerves/blood vessels, surrounded by layer of dense irregular connective tissue called | perichondrium |
| articular, costal, respiratory, & nasal cartilages are made up of __ cartilage | hyaline |
| support external nose | nasal cartilage |
| for skeleton on larynx & reinforce respiratory passageways | respiratory cartilages |
| connect ribs to sternum | costal cartilages |
| cover ends of most bones at movable joints | articular cartilages |
| more flexible than hyaline cartilage; better able to stand up to repeated bending; found only in epiglottis & external ear | elastic cartilages |
| consist of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating w/thick collagen fibers; most compressible; resistant to stretch; forms vertebral discs & knee joint (menisci) cartilages | fibrocartilages |
| bones are named for their __ shape, not __ size | elongated; overall |
| some sesamoid bones alter __ of pull of a tendon | direction |
| because they contain various types of __ bones are __ | tissue; organs |
| blood cell formation | hematopoiesis |
| mature bone cells | osteocytes |
| location of red bone marrow | spongy bone |
| cartilage cells | chondrocytes |
| bone-forming cells | osteoblasts |
| shaft of a long bone | diaphysis |
| hollow space in the shaft | medullary cavity |
| expanded portion of the long bone at its ends | epiphysis |
| fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone | periosteum |
| thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity | endosteum |
| process of bone formation | osteogensis |
| replacement of connective tissue membranes with bony tissue | intramembranous ossification |
| replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue | endochondral ossification |
| growth region (in length) of the long bone | epiphyseal plate |
| growth of bone in diameter | appositional growth |
| narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes | canaliculi |
| basic functional unit of compact bone | osteon |
| tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone | trabeculae |
| concentric rings that surround the Haversian canal | lamellae |
| perforating canals that carry interconnected blood vessels to the Haversian canal | Volkmann canals |
| structures contained in the central canal of an osteon | blood vessels |
| substance contained in the medullary cavity of bones in an adult | yellow bone marrow |
| substance contained in the spaces of the spongy bone | red bone marrow |
| The inorganic minerals contained in the intercellular matrix of bone | calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) |
| hormone that functions to decrease the level of calcium in the blood | calcitonin |
| hormone that raises the level of calcium ions in the blood | parathyroid hormone |
| hormone that is used in hormone therapy to reduce osteoporosis | estrogen |
| elevated levels of a hormone that could cause premature closure of the epiphyseal plates | testosterone |
| hormone that is necessary for proper bone formation | thyroid hormone |
| painful infection of the bone often caused by bacteria | osteomyelitis |
| condition occurs with aging that causes a gradual reduction in bone mass | osteopenia |
| hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone would produce changes in the bone similar to those associated with this disorder | osteomalacia |
| condition causing bow legs in a child | rickets |
| painful condition that occurs when the bones become weak and thin and tend to fracture easily | osteoporosis |
| fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly and does not penetrate the skin | simple fracture |
| fracture that has broken ends of the bone protrude through the soft tissues and the skin | compound fracture |
| fracture in which the bone is crushed | compression fracture |
| fracture in which bone fragments into many pieces | comminuted fracture |
| long bone | femur of the leg |
| short bone | carpals of wrist |
| flat bone | sternum of breastbone |
| irregular bone | vertebrae of spinal column and hip bones |
| sesamoid bone | patella of knee |
| large, rough, rounded projections | tuberosity |
| crest | narrow ridge of bone |
| trochanter | very large, blunt, irregularly-shaped process |
| tubercle | small rounded projection or process |
| spine | sharp, slender, often pointed projection |
| bony expansion carried on a narrow neck | head |
| smooth, nearly flat articular surface | facet |
| rounded articular projection | condyle |
| arm-like bar of bone | ramus |
| meatus | canal-like passageway |
| sinus | cavity within a bone |
| fossa | shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface |
| groove | furrow |
| fissure | narrow, slit-like opening |
| foramen | round or oval opening through a bone |
| formation of compact bone plates and red marrow | stage 4 of intramembranous ossification |
| formation of bone matrix within the fibrous membrane | stage 2 of intramembranous ossification |
| formation of an ossification center in the fibrous membrane | stage 1 of intramembranous ossification |
| formation of woven bone and the periosteum | stage 3 of intramembranous ossification |
| calcification of cartilage in the center of the diaphysis | stage 2 of endochondral ossification |
| formation of bone collar around the diaphysis of the hyaline model | stage 1 of endochondral ossification |
| ossification of the epiphysis | stage 5 of endochondral ossification |
| formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues | stage 4 of endochondral ossification |
| invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation | stage 3 of endochondral ossification |
| cartilage cells undergo mitosis | stage 1 in growth of a long bone |
| dead cartilage cells appear; matrix begins deteriorating | stage 3 in growth of a long bone |
| ossification occurs on the epiphyseal plate next to the medullary cavity | stage 4 in growth of a long bone |
| cartilage cells undergo hypertrophy followed by calcification of the matrix | stage 2 in growth of a long bone |
| hyaline | most abundant skeletal cartilage |
| fibrocartilage | able to withstand large amounts of compression |
| elastic cartilage | located in the external ear and epiglottis |
| protection | function of the skeletal system that encloses brain and other soft organs |
| movement | function of the skeletal system that provides site of attachment for skeletal muscles |
| mineral storage | function of the skeletal system that provides calcium phosphate repository |
| hematopoiesis | function of the skeletal system that provides blood cell production |
| osteoblast | bone-building cell |
| osteoclast | bone-destroying cell |
| osteocyte | mature bone cell |
| bone stem cell | osteoprogenitor cell |
| diaphysis | primary ossification center |
| epiphysis | secondary ossification center |
| epiphyseal plate | site of length increase in long bones |
| endochondral ossification | process of long bone development |
| hematoma formation | caused by tearing of blood vessels in and around fracture site |
| fibrocartilage callus | activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts creates an overgrown splint around the fracture site |
| bony callus formation | trabeculae invade callus and begin to replace fibrous tissue |
| bone remodeling | excess bony material is removed from the external and internal surfaces of the diaphysis |
| lamellae | layers of bone |
| lacunae | cavities in bone where bone cells live |
| collagen | major organic fiber of bone |
| calcium phosphate | major inorganic component of bone |
| long bone | has length greater than width |
| short bone | equal length and width |
| irregular bone | bone with complex shape |
| flat bone | thin bone |
| sesamoid bone | ovoid bone found in tendon |
| osteoporosis | condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function |
| periosteum | does not cover sesamoid bones or the articular surfaces of bones, and it does not extend around tendon and ligament insertions on bone |
| intramembranous ossification | begins at approximately the eighth week of development; cells cluster within the mesenchymal membrane and become osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) |
| estrogen | maintains normal bone mass by inhibiting the stimulatory effects of parathyroid hormone on osteoclast activity; in post menopausal women can cause osteoporosis |
| yellow bone marrow | bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells that are embedded in the matrix |
| osteocytes | are contained in lacunae of bone |
| endochondral ossification | process of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to |
| compact bone and spongy bone | two types of osseous tissue |
| long bones have reached their adult length | when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone |
| intramembranous ossification | begins within a connective tissue membrane |
| fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the | diaphysis |
| interstitial growth | growth of a cartilage in which the chondrocytes within the matrix become active and proliferate |
| through canaliculi, | osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal |
| spongy bone does not contain | true osteons |
| bones in the long axis of the body make up | axial skeleton |
| avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it | characteristic of skeletal cartilage that limits its thickness |
| menisci of the knee are made of | fibrocartilage |
| chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within the cartilage | best describes interstitial growth of cartilage |
| __ bones act to alter the direction of tendon pull | sesamoid |
| vitamin D is not stored in | matrix of bones |
| anchors the periosteum to the underlying bone | perforating/Sharpey's fibers |
| site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult | sternum |
| twisting of a long bone is prevented by | circumferential lamella |
| hydroxyapatite in bone matrix that gives bone its hardness is | primarily composed of calcium and phosphates |
| before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is | composed of fibrous membrane |
| rickets can occur when | breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient |
| collagen lends __ __ to bone matrix | flexible strength |
| provides the template of the eventual mature bone | cartilage model |
| excess __ __ prior to puberty would result in gigantism | growth hormone |
| growth hormone stimulates | skeletal and muscular growth and development |
| parathyroid hormone stimulates __ __ when the calcium level in the blood is low | osteoclast activity |
| some skull bones, part of the mandible, and the diaphyses of the clavicles | develop from membranes |
| secondary ossification centers | occur in the epiphyses |
| osteocytes are located | in the lacunae |
| calcitonin stimulates __ __ by drawing calcium ions from the blood and depositing them in the bone tissues | osteoblast activity |
| calcium | most abundant mineral in the human body |
| calcium is the __ __ that makes up the skeleton | major mineral |
| bone growth __ when the epiphyseal plate is present | continues |
| once the epiphyseal plate is replaced by the epiphyseal line | bone growth ceases |
| vitamin D is necessary for | absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions |
| osseous tissue is __ __ and heals readily | very vascular |
| appositional growth adds __ to the cartilage | girth |
| because their length is greater than width | metacarpals are long bones |
| increase in parathyroid hormone can cause bones to become | porous and brittle |
| PTH targets bone and | liberates calcium into the blood |
| sesamoid bones are a special type of | short bone that are usually found within tendons, which are made of dense connective tissue |
| spongy bone located in flat bones | special name diploe |
| appendicular skeleton includes | upper and lower limb bones |
| ribs belong to | axial skeleton |
| bones serve as a(n) __ __ of calcium | important reservoir |
| yellow marrow can revert to red marrow if | more red blood cells are needed by the body |
| Haversian system | structural unit of compact bone |
| spongy bone does not | contain osteons |
| collagen fibers do not | provide for bone hardness |
| endochondral ossification forms | majority of bones below the base of the skull |
| intermembranous ossification leads to | formation of cranial bones |
| hyaline cartilage can be found at epiphyseal plates | at the end of secondary ossification |
| in adolescence, the "growth spurt" that is observed is mainly attributed to a(n) | increase in sex hormones |
| when Ca2+ concentration in the blood becomes lower than normal | parathyroid hormone is released |
| patient is brought to the emergency room with a broken bone. According to the x-ray, the bone is fragmented into three pieces | would be considered comminuted fracture |
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