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Chapter 14 D
Special senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| retina | sensitive nerve cell layer of eye 3rd inner most layer changes energy of light rays into nerve impulses |
| sclera | white portion of eye maintains shape of eye ball and is protective covering for eye |
| iris | colored part of eye |
| pupil | opening in center of iris controls amout of light entering eye |
| Conhunctiva | |
| iris | colored part of eye |
| pupil | opening in center of iris controls amout of light entering eye |
| Conjunctiva | thin mucous membrane layer that lines anterior part of eye inner and outer surfaces which is exposed to air and the inner part of the eyelids covers sclera |
| lacrimal gland | under upper eye lid and produces tears |
| lysozyme | antibacterial exnzyme |
| lacrimal duct | located at inner edge of eye |
| Canthus | inner edge of eye |
| eyelids | upper and lower and keep surface lubricated and protect |
| eye lashes | along edges of eye lids and protect eyeball |
| cornea | transparent, nonvascular layer covering the colored part of the eye(Iris) |
| uvea | vascular middle layer of eye |
| choroid | layer beneath sclera that provides blood supply and nutrients to eye |
| radial muscles | more light to enter eye |
| circular muscles | less light to enter eye |
| lens | structure that aids in focusing images clearly |
| ciliary body | secretes aqueous humor and adjusts lens to view near objects |
| suspensory ligaments | numerous straight fibrils which attach to lens and hold it in place adjust lens for proper focus |
| accomodation | ability of lens to focus clearly on objects at various distances |
| optic nerve | transmits impulses to brain for interpretation of image seen |
| cones | visualize color, central vision, vision in bright light |
| fovea centralis | small depression within macula lutea |
| macula lutea | oval, yellowish spot near center of retina sharpest image-central vision |
| rods | vision in dim light and peripheral vision |
| optic disc | insensitive to light-blind spot |
| anterior chamber | in front of lens and iris and behind cornea |
| posterior chamber | between iris and suspensory ligaments |
| aqueous humor | clear watery fluid maintains proper pressure |
| vitreous humor | clear jelly like substance that gives shape to eve ball |
| refraction | bending of light rays as they pass through structuresof eye to produce clear image |
| errors of refraction | astigmatism, hyperopia, myopia, presbyopia |
| ambiopia(diplopia) | double vision when each eye focuses separately |
| amblyopia | reduced vision that is not correctable and there is no obvoius cause |
| ambly/o | dull,dim |
| anisocoria | diameter of pupils not equal |
| aniso | unequal |
| cor/o | pupil |
| phak/o | lens |
| aphakia | absence of lens |
| aqueaous | watery |
| Argyll-Robertson pupil | pupil that constricts upon accomodation but not in response to light |
| biomicroscopy(slit lamp exam) | examination of eye by use of slit lamp and magnifying lens |
| blepharochalisis | relaxation of skin of eye lid |
| blepharoptosis | drooping of upper eyelid |
| bleparospasm | twithcing of eye lid muscles |
| conjunctivitis | inflammation of conjunctiva |
| corneal | pertaining to the cornea |
| cycloplegia | paralysis of ciliary muscle of eye |
| cycl/o | ciliary body |
| dacryoadenitis | inflammation of lacrimal gland |
| dacryorrhea | excessive flow of tears |
| ectropion | edges of eye lid turn outward |
| emmetropia | state of normal vision |
| entropion | edges of eye lid turn inward |
| episcleritis | inflammation of outermost layers of sclera |
| esotropia(crosseyes) | inward turning of one eye |
| eso | within |
| tropia | to turn |
| exotropia | outward turning of one eye |
| extraocular | pertatining to outside of eye |
| extra | outside,beyond |
| floaters | spots that drift or float |
| funduscopy | examination of fundus of eye base or deepest part of eye usinf opthalmoscope opthalmoscopy |
| hemianopia | blindness in one half of visual field |
| irridocyclitis | inflammation of iris and ciliary body |
| iritis | inflammation of iris |
| keratoconjunctivitis | inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva |
| keratoconus | cone shaped protrusion of center of cornea not accompanied by inflammation |
| keratomycosis | fungla growth on cornea |
| lacrimation | secretion of tears from lacrimal glands |
| miosis | abnormal constriction of pupil of eye |
| miotic | agent that causes pupil of eye to constrict |
| mi/o | smaller |
| sis | condition |
| tic | pertaining to |
| mydriasis | abnormal dilation of pupil |
| mydr/o | widen |
| iasis | abnormal condition |
| mydriatic | agent causing pupil to dilate |
| nasolacrimal | pertaining to nose and lacrimal ducts |
| nystagmus | involuntary rhythmic jerking movements of eye |
| opthalmopathy | any disease of the eye |
| optic | pertaining to eyes of sight |
| optician | fills prescriptions |
| opthamologist | medical doctor specializing in the eye total eye care |
| optometrist | doctor that examines eyes |
| palebral | pertaining to eyelid |
| papilledema | swelling of optic disc |
| phacomalacia | softening of lens of eye |
| photophobia | abnormal sensitivity to light |
| presbyopia | poor near vision due to age |
| presby/o | old age |
| pupillary | pertaining to pupil |
| retiopathy | any disease of retina |
| sclerectomy | removal of portion of sclera |
| scotoma | area of blindness within usual field surrounded by area of normal vision |
| scot/o | darkness |
| ulveitis | inflammation of uveal tract which includes iris, ciliary body, choroid |
| vitreous | pertaining to vitreous body of eye |
| vitre/o | glassy |
| glauco | gray,silver |
| ton/o | tension |
| xer/o | dry |
| astigmatism | refractive error causing light rays to to be focused irregularly on retina due to abnormal shape of cornea or lens |
| blephaaritis | inflammation of the eyelid |
| blepharoptosis | eye lid partially or totally covers eye as result of weakened muscle |
| blindness | loss of sense of sight or extreme visual limitaions |
| color blindness (monochromatism) | inabilaty to see visual colors clearly |
| Daltonism | can't distinguish greens from reds |
| achromatic vision | can't distinguish any color except white,gray,black |
| cataract | lens of eye progressively cloudy |
| chalazion | cyst or nodule on eyelid |
| conjunctivitis acute(pink eye) | inflammation of mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front part of the eye ball |
| corneal abrasion | disruption of cornea's surface epithelium |
| diabetic retinopathy | scarring of tissues of retina caused by diabetes leading cause of blindness |
| biomicroscopy | examination of internal eye |
| vitrectomy | removal of vireous hemmorhages |
| ectropion | turning out of eye lash margins especially lower eyelid tears don't flow into tear ducts dryness and irritation |
| entropion | turning in of the eye lash margins resulting in sensation of foreign nody in eye rdness,tearing,burning,itching |
| exophthalmia | abnormalprotrusion of eye balls usually in both eyes inability to close eye lids |
| glaucoma | group of eye disorders due to increase in intraocular pressure |
| tonometry | measurement of intraocular pressure |
| pachymetry | process of measuring corneal thickness |
| iridotomy | creation of small hole between anterior and posterior chambers |
| Chronic open angel glaucoma | break down in drainage system of circulation of aqueous humor |
| chronic open angle glaucoma | most common and gradual |
| Acute closed angle glaucoma | rapid occurance of increase intraocculat pressure in a short period of time |
| Secondary glaucoma | complication of another disorder,trauma of surgery swelling of eye tissue causes obstructed drainage of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure |
| hemianopia | blindness in half of visual field |
| hordeolum(stye) | bacterial infection of eye lash folicle or sebaceous gland originating with redness,swelling,tenderness in margin of eye lash |
| hyperopia | refractive error in which lens of eye cannot focus on an image accurately resulting in impaired close vision eye ball is shorter than normal |
| hyperopia(farsightedness) | better clarity of distant objects blurred vision of close objects |
| hyphema(hyphemia) | bleed in anterior chamber of eye from compilcation of surgery or blunt eye injury eye emergency |
| keratitis | inflammation of cornea |
| macular degeneration Senile or age related macular degeneration (ARMD) | progressive deterioration of retinal cells in the macula due to aging |
| dry form | slow progression of macular degeneration |
| wet form | more severe macular degeneration |
| myopia(nearsighetness) | refractive error in which lens cannot focus on image accurately resulting in impaired distant vision because eyeball is longer than normal can see close objects better |
| nyctalopia | inadequate vision at night |
| nystagmus | rhythmic involuntary movements of eyes |
| opthalmia neonaturum | pus containing inflammation of conjunctiva or cornea in newborn |
| Neisseria gonorrheal conjunctivitis and chlamydial conjunctivitis | spread to neonate while passing through birth canal |
| presbyopia | a refractive error after age 40 due to decreasing loss of elasticity |
| pterygium | irregular growth developing as fold in conjunctiva |
| retinal detachment | partial or complete splitting away of retina from pigmented vasculat layer caled choroid interrupting vascular supply to retina -medical emergency |
| retinal tear | opening in retina that allows leakage of vitreous humor |
| scleritis | inflammation of sclera |
| scotoma | defined area with decreased visual function |
| strabismus | failure of eyes to gaze in the same direction |
| nonparalytic strabismus | eye position of 2 eyes has no relationship inherited most common strabismus |
| convergent strabismus(crosseye) esotropia | eye turns inward |
| divergent strabismus(walleye) exotropia | eye turns outward |
| synechia | adhesion in eye caoused by traouma or surgery complicaiton |
| trachoma | infectious eye disease caused by chlamydia trachomatitis chronic and can lead to blindness contagious |
| uveitis | inflammation of all or part of middle vascular layer of eye made up of iris,ciliary body, choroid |
| cycloplegic agent | causes paralysis of ciliary muscle allowing it to rest |
| corneal transplant | surgical transplantation of a donor cornea |
| electronystagmography | group of tests used in evaluating vestibulo-ocular reflex-normal reflux |
| nystagmus | eye movements |
| caloric testing | directly installing water into inner ear canal making contact with tympanic membrane and recording eye movement |
| electroretinogram(ERG) | recording of changes in electrical potential of retina after stimulation of light |
| extracapsular cataract | surgical removal of anterior segment of lens capsule along with lens allowing for insertion of intraocular lens implant |
| fluorscein staining | application of a florescein stained sterile filter paper strip moistened with a few dorps of sterile saline or sterile anesthetic to lower part of eye to visualize a corneal abrasion abrasion would be bright green |
| gonioscopy | process of viewing anterior chamber angle of eye for abnormal angle structures |
| intraocular lens implant | surgical process of cataract extraction and insertion of artificial lens |
| iridectomy | extraction of small sement of Iris to open anterior chamber angle and permit flow of aqueous humor between anterior and posterior chambers and relieve intraocular pressure |
| keratoplasty(corneal grafting) | transplantation of corneal tissue from one eye to another to improve vision in affected eye |
| laser in situ keratomileusis | laser vision correction for nearsightedness |
| Ophthalmoscopy | examination of internal and external structures of eye with opthalmoscope |
| phacoemulsification | remove lens using ultrasound vibrations to split up lens material into tiny particles that can be suctioned out of eye |
| phot-refractive keratectomy | layers of corneal surface cells shaved ly laser to flatten cornea and reduce nearsightedness |
| retinal photocoagulation | uses argon laser to treat glaucoma,retinal detachment,siabetic retinopathy |
| slit lamp exam(biomicroscopy) | exam of external and internal structures of eye using low power microscope combined with high intensity light source |
| tonmetry | determine intraoccular pressure by calculating resistance of eyeball to applied force |
| trabeculectomy | surgical excision of portion of corneoscleral tissue to decrease intraocular pressure in patients with severe glaucoma |
| trabecuolplasty | surgical creation of permanent fistula used to drain fluid from eye's anterior chamber |
| ear | ear, balance or equilibrium |
| audiogram | chart illustrating lowest or faintest sounds detected by ear |
| external ear | visible part of ear not contained withing head |
| auricle or pinna | cartilaginous flap that has a fleshy lower portion known as the ear lobe in external ear |
| external auditory canal | tube leading form auricle to middle ear |
| cilia | tiny hairs that transmit sound waves inward |
| ceruminous glands | modified sweat glands that secrete ear wax to lubricate and protect ear |
| tympanic membrane(eardrum) | thin semitransparentmembrane that transmits sound vibrations to inner ear |
| auditory ossicles | 3 tiny bones of middle ear |
| malleus | hammer shaped transmits sound to 2nd ossicle the Incus |
| Incus | anvil shaped and transmits sound to 3rd ossicle the stapes |
| stapes | tiny stirrup shape transmits to inner ear |
| eustachian tube(auditory tube) | connects middle ear to pharynx opens to equalize pressure |
| oval window | oval shaped opening that separates middle and inner ear |
| inner ear | mazelike srtucture that has bony and membranous structures |
| bony labyrinth | bony structures of inner ear vestibule,cochlea,semicircular canals |
| vestibule | central part of inner ear |
| utricle and saccule | membranous pouches or sacs that help maintain balance |
| cochlea | snail shaped bony structure |
| endolymph and perilymph | auditory fluids that aid in transmission of sound vibrations located in cochlea |
| organ of corti | spiral structure within cochlea that has hair cell stimulated by sound vibrations |
| semicircular canals | 3 bony filled loops that maintain balance |
| Cerebral cortex | where impulses are interpreted as hearing |
| acoustic | pertaining to sound or hearing |
| audiogram | recording of faintest sound heard |
| auditory | pertains to sense of hearing |
| aural | pertains to ear |
| auriculotemporal | pertains to ear and temporal area of skull |
| barotitis media | inflammation or bleeding of middle ear caused by changes in atmospheric pressure |
| cochlear | pertains to snail shaped structure of middle ear |
| labyrinthitis | inflammation of inner ear |
| mastoiditis | inflammation of mastoid process |
| myringoplasty)tympanoplasty) | surgical repair of eardrum to corect hearing loss |
| myringotomy(tympanotomy) | surgical incision into eardrum |
| otoalgia(otodynia) | ear pain |
| otitis media | inflammation of middle ear |
| otomycosis | fungal infection of external auditory meatus |
| otorhea | drainage from ear |
| presbycusis | hearing loss with age |
| purulent | pus containing |
| salpingoscope | instument to examine nasopharynx and eustacian tube |
| serous | producing serum |
| stapedectomy | surgical removal of stapes |
| tinnitus | ringing or tinkling in ears |
| vertigo | sensation of spinning |
| cholesteatoma | slow growing cystic mass made up of epithelial debris and cholesterol in middle ear |
| deafness conductive | hearing loss caused by break down of transmission sound waves through middle or external ear |
| deafness sensorineural | hearing loss caused by inability of nerve stimuli to be delivered to brain from inner ear damage to auditory nerve or cochlea sould be caused by exposure to loud noises or medication |
| cochlear implant | procedure to restore sound perception |
| impacted cerumen | excessive accumulation of the wax like secretions from the glands of the external ear canal |
| labyrinthitis | infection or inflammation of labyrinth or inner ear mostly the 3 semicircular canals causes of the inner ear which are fluid filled chambers that control balance causes dizziness and effects balance and rapid involuntary eye movements and sensorineural he |
| mastoiditis | inflammation of mastoid process usually and expansion of middle ear infection |
| mastoid process | round part of skull's temporal bone adjacent to middle ear filled with air cavities or mastoid sinuses earache, hearing loss, tenderness,swelling, and constant throbbing pain,fever,tinnitus,drainage |
| meniere's disease | chronic inner ear disease too muc fluid in labyrinth(endolymph)dizziness,hearing loss, pressre or fullness feeling and tinnitus |
| otis externa(swimmer's ear) | inflammation of outer or external ear canal growth of bacteria or fungi in external ear pain when ear is tugged and red swollen ear canal |
| otitis media acute (AOM) | middle ear infection mostly in infants, toddlers,preschoolers |
| serous otitis media (SOM) | collection of clear fluid in middle ear that migh follow acute otitis or may be caused by an obstruction of eustacian tube fullness of ear popping or snapping,effects mobility of tympanic membrane eardrum has dull air bubbles or fluid appearance |
| supporative otis media(SOM) | collection of pus containing fluid in middle ear causing pain temperature,dizzinessdecreased hearing,tinnitus |
| ser/o | blood serum |
| otosclerosis | footplate of stapes becomes immobile and secured to oval window causing hearing loss |
| perforation of tympanic membrane | rupture of tympanic membrane or eardrum |
| audiometry | process of measuring how well an individual hears frequencies of sound waves |
| decibals | loudness of sound |
| otoscopy | use otoscope to view and examine tympanic memnrane and parts of outer ear for lesions, ear wax, color, intactness |
| tuning fork test(Rinne test) | examination comparing bone conduction and air conductionvibrating tuning fork placed on mastoid bone until until sound can no longer be heard then moves to ear canal to see if sound is heard there normal would be air longer than bone |
| tuning fork tes(Weber test) | decide id hearing deficit is sesorineural- sound louder in uneffected ear or conductive-louder in effected ear tuning fork on forehead and evaluate sound in each ear |
| otoplasty | removal of protion of cartillage of ear to bring oinna and auricle closer to the head cosmetic |
| stapedectomy | microsurgical removal of stapes with otosclerosis improves hearing |
| hearing aids | device that amplifys sound to provide better perception and interpretation of words for person with hearing deficit |
| in canal style hearing aid | least noticable small |
| in ear style hearing aid | worn in external ear and is larger and more noticable more amplification |
| behind ear style hearing aid | more amplification thatn in canal or in ear |
| body hearing aid | microphone and amplifier clipped on clothing |
| myringotomy(tympanotomy) | insertion of small ventilation tube introduced into inferior segment of tympanic membrane surgical opening allows drainage and ventillation of middle ear tubes removed when ear heals |
| myringoplasty(tympanoplasty) | surgical repair of tympanic membrane with tissue graft |
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