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A&PI - Chapter5
Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| epithelial layer of skin | epidermis |
| strong, flexible, connective tissue layer of skin | dermis |
| subcutaneous tissue deep to skin | hypodermis |
| epidermis is composed of __ __ squamous epithelium | keratinized stratified |
| epidermis is __ __ of skin | outer portion |
| epidermis is exposed to __ environment | external |
| epidermis functions in __ | protection |
| cells of epidermis consist of __ cell types | four |
| cells of epidermis; most epidermal cells | keratinocytes |
| keratinocytes produce __ keratin | protein |
| cells of epidermis; produce brown pigment melanin | melanocytes |
| cells of epidermis; immune function; phagocytes | Langerhans' cells |
| cells of epidermis; function as tough receptors | Merkel cells |
| layers of epidermis consist of __ layer(s) | four-five |
| deepest layer of epidermis; single row of stem cells; mitotically active; replace cells shed from surface | stratum basale |
| layer of epidermis' prickly layer; several cell layers thick; contains prekeratin | stratum spinosum |
| layer of epidermis absent in skin | stratum lucidum |
| layer of epidermis; cells have granules | stratum granulosum |
| layer of epidermis; superficial; consists of dead cells filled w/keratin, which protects & water proofs | stratum corneum |
| thickened epidermis w/thick keratin layer | callus |
| stratum __: cells are dead; represented only by flat membranous sacs filled w/keratin | corneum |
| stratum __: cells are flattened; organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellated & keratohyaline granules | granulosum |
| lamellated granules __ lipids | release |
| in extracellular space of stratum corneum | glycolipids |
| superficial stratum __: cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of prekeratin | spinosum |
| __ stratum spinosum: cells are actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of superficial layers | deep |
| Merkel cells, melanocytes, & Melanin granules are contained in stratum __ | basale |
| dermis contains sensory __ __ | nerve endings |
| dermis is composed of two layers, __ & __ | papillary; reticular |
| superficial; consists of loose areolar CT | papillary layer of dermis |
| peg-like projections on superior part of papillary layer; contain capillary loops, touch & pain receptors | dermal papillae |
| dermal papillae w/overlying epidermal ridges that form friction ridges on palms, fingers, soles, & toes | fingerprints |
| deep dermis; forms 80% of skin's thickness; dense irregular CT: collagen & elastin fibers | dermis |
| collagen fibers of dermis add __ | strength |
| elastin fibers of dermis provide __ | stretch |
| dermis __ sweat glands, hairs roots, & blood vessels | contains |
| less dense region btwn collagen bundles in dermis | cleavage lines |
| skin creases where dermis is tightly bound to deeper structures; i.e. on wrist & fingers | flexure lines |
| hypodermis is also called | superficial fascia |
| hypodermis is subcutaneous layer __ to skin | deep |
| hypodermis is composed of mostly __ tissue | adipose |
| hypodermis __ __ skin to underlying structures, mostly muscle, allowing skin to slide | loosely anchors |
| hypodermis functions as | shock absorber & heat insulator |
| yellow to reddish-brown to black pigments, produce by melanocytes; polymer make of tyrosine amino acids | melanin |
| melanin synthesis depends on enzyme in melanocytes, tyrosinase, passing from melanocytes to basal keratinocytes; melanosomes broken down by lysosomes, so melanin pigment is mostly in | basal cell layer |
| amount of melanin produced depends on __ factors & __ __ sunlight | genetic; exposure to |
| melanin protects __ of skin cells from UV rays of sun | DNA |
| skin cancer is more common in __ __ individuals | fair skinned |
| result from local accumulation of melanin | freckles & pigmented moles |
| in fairer individuals, skin color is also affect by __ __ in RBCs in blood flowing close to skin | oxygenated hemoglobin |
| yellow to orange pigment, found in some plants; most obvious in palms & soles of feet | carotene |
| bluish/purplish discoloration of skin, due to deficient oxygenation of blood | cyanosis |
| yellowish pigmentation of skin, tissues, & certain body fluids caused by deposition of bile pigments; follows interference w/normal production & discharge of bile | jaundice |
| sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair & nails | appendages of skin |
| eccrine & apocrine are types of __ glands | sweat |
| more numerous; abundant in palms, soles of feet, & forehead | eccrine glands |
| eccrine glands open via __ on skin surface | duct |
| acid pH 4-6; inhibits bacterial growth; contains NaCl, antibodies, & metabolic wastes | sweat from eccrine glands |
| sweat prevents __ of body | overheating |
| eccrine glands control by __ nervous system; heat induced sweating or emotionally induced sweating | sympathetic |
| found in axillary & anogenital areas | apocrine glands |
| apocrine ducts empty into | hair follicles |
| milky/yellowish thicker secretion; contains fatty substances & proteins that cause body odor | sweat from apocrine glands |
| apocrine glands begin functioning at __ | puberty |
| apocrine glands have __ __ in heat regulation | little role |
| modified apocrine sweat gland in external ear canal that secrete cerumen | ceruminous glands |
| ear wax | cerumen |
| modified apocrine sweat gland, specialized to secrete milk | mammary glands |
| found all over body, except of palms & soles | sebaceous glands |
| sebaceous gland that secretes oily secretion called sebum into hair follicles | holocrine glands |
| contains lipids & cell debris; secrete by holocrine glands; softens skin/hair & protects against bacteria | sebum |
| sebum & hair; pasty covering chiefly of dead cells & sebaceous secretions that protects skin of fetus | vernix caseosa |
| infections of sebaceous glands | acne |
| caused by overactive sebaceous glands | seborrhea |
| strands of dead keratinized cells produced by hair follicles | pili |
| contain hard keratin; present everywhere except palms, soles, lips, nipples, & parts of external genitalia | hair |
| hair is made up of a(n) __ & a(n) __ | shaft; root |
| hair has __ layers of keratinized cells | three |
| only part of hair that contains soft keratin, abundant in fine hair | medulla |
| bulky layer of hair surrounding medulla; consisting of several layers of flattened cells | cortex |
| outermost layer of hair, most heavily keratinized; formed from single layer of cells that overlap one another from below, like shingles on roof | cuticle |
| hair is __ by melanocytes at base of hair follicle | pigmented |
| fold down from epidermal surface into dermis | hair follicles |
| deep end of hair follicle is expanded forming a(n) | hair bulb |
| dermal CT protruding into bulb; its capillaries nourish hair | papilla |
| actively dividing area, producing hair cells; originates in region called hair bulge | hair matrix |
| wrap around each hair bulb, bending hair stimulates them | sensory nerve endings |
| our hair acts as __ touch receptor | sensitive |
| tiny, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles; contraction causes hair to stand upright | arrector pili muscle |
| fine hair on fetus, shed before birth | lanugo hair |
| pale, fine body hair found in children & adult female | vellus |
| coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary & pubic regions | terminal |
| help to maintain warmth, alerts body to presence of insects on skin, guards scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, & sunlight | functions of hair |
| scale-like modification of epidermis, contains hard keratin | nail |
| nail corresponds to __ __ of epidermis | keratinized layer |
| deeper layers of epidermis form nail __ | bed |
| nail consists of | free edge, body, & root |
| nail matrix producing nail cells | proximal nail fold |
| function of integumentary system; low pH inhibits bacterial growth, defensin kills bacteria; substances in sebum kill bacteria; melanin prevents UV dmg | chemical barrier |
| function of integumentary system; intact skin, keratin, waterproofing; organic solvents & heavy metals do penetrate | physical/mechanical barrier |
| function of integumentary system; role of Langerhans cells in immunity | biological barrier |
| function of integumentary system; dilation & constriction of dermal vessels to prevent heat loss or stimulate heat conservation; increasing swear secretions to cool body when sweat evaporates | body temperature regulation |
| function of integumentary system; receptor for touch, pain & pressure | cutaneous sensation |
| function of integumentary system; synthesis of vitamin D | metabolic |
| function of integumentary system; blood vessels in dermis can hold 5% of blood volume | blood reservoir |
| function of integumentary system; loss of water/salt & some nitrogenous wastes | excretion |
| important risk factor in exposure to UV radiation in sunlight which dmgs DNA | skin cancer |
| there are __ major types of skin cancer | three |
| mostly on sun exposed ares of face & appear shiny, dome-shaped nodules that later develop central ulcer (rodent ulcer) w/pearly, beaded edge | basal cell carcinoma |
| most common skin carcinoma; locally invasive, slow growing, & does not metastasize; can be sure by surgical excision | basal cell |
| arises from keratinocytes, most often on head (scalp, ears, & lower lip); grows rapidly & metastasizes if not removed; prognosis good if treated surgically w/radiation therapy | squamous cell carcinoma |
| most dangerous skin carcinoma, because highly metastatic; treated by wide surgical excision; chance of survival poor if lesion over 4mm thick | malignant melanoma |
| malignant melanoma is cancer of __ of skin | melanocytes |
| ABCD rule: 2 sides of pigmented area do not match | Asymmetry |
| ABCD rule: irregular & shows indentations | Border |
| ABCD rule: pigmented area shows different colors | Color |
| ABCD rule: larger than 6mm (size of pencil eraser) | Diameter |
| ABCD rule: above skin surface | Elevation |
| border, elevation, color, asymmetry, diameter, | ABCD rule for skin carcinomas |
| only epidermis dmgd; symptoms incl: localized redness, swelling, & pain; i.e. sunburns | 1st degree |
| epidermis & upper regions of dermis dmgd; blisters also appear, burns heal in few weeks, no scarring | 2nd degree |
| entire thickness of skin dmgd; burned area appears gray-white, red, or black; no initial edema/pain (nerve endings destroyed); requires skin grafts | 3rd degree |
| can cause fluid & electrolyte loss, & shock | severe burns |
| used to find out approximate percentage of body surface burnt so IV fluids can be given | rule of nines |
| Rules of Nines: 4-1/2% each = total 9% | anterior/posterior head |
| Rules of Nines: 4-1/2% each = total 18% | anterior/posterior upper limbs |
| Rules of Nines: 18% each = total 36% | anterior/posterior trunk |
| Rules of Nines: 1% | perineum |
| Rules of Nines: 9% each = total 36% | anterior/posterior lower limbs |
| skin and its derivatives; provides external protective covering of body | integumentary system |
| fibrous protein found in epidermis, hair, & nails that makes those structures hard/water resistant | keratin |
| precursor of keratin is | keratohyaline |
| star-shaped; arise from bone marrow & migrate to epidermis; another name for Langerhans cells | epidermal dendritic cells |
| ingest foreign substance & are key activators of immune system; have slender processes that extend among surrounding keratinocytes, forming more/less continuous network | Langerhans cells |
| present in epidermal junction; shaped like spiky hemisphere, each cell intimately associated w/disc-like sensory nerve ending | Merkel/tactile cells |
| combination of disc-like sensory nerve ending & Merkel/tactile cell | tactile/Merkel disc |
| skin that covers pals, fingertips, & soles of feet; epidermis consists of 5layers/strata; contains stratum lucidum | thick skin |
| skin that covers rest of body; missing stratum lucidum | thin skin |
| in stratum basale, many mitotic nuclei seen in this layer reflect rapid division of these cells & account for its alternative name | stratum germinativum |
| each basale layer cell divides, one daughter cell pushed to layer above to begin its __ into mature keratinocyte | specialization |
| when basale layer divides, the daughter cell that remains continues process of | producing new keratinocytes |
| occasionally __ cells are also seen in basale layer | tactile |
| stratum spinosum contains web-like system of intermediate filaments, mainly tension-resisting bundles of __ __, which span their cytosol to attach to desmosomes | prekeratin filaments |
| in stratum spinosum, keratinocytes in this layer appear to have spines, causing then to be called | prickle cells |
| spines of keratinocytes, in spinosum layer, do not exist in living cells; they are __ that arise during tissue preparation when cells shrink but numerous desmosomes hold tight | artifacts |
| scattered among keratinocytes, in spinosum layer, are melanin granules & epidermal dendritic cells, which are __ __ in this epidermal layer | most abundant |
| process in which cells fill with protein keratin | keratinization |
| in stratum granulosum, keratinocytes __ changes drastically and process of keratinization begins | appearance |
| keratinocytes, in granulosum layer, flatten, their nuclei & organelles begin to disintegrate, & they accumulate 2 type of granules, which are | keratohyaline & lamellated |
| the plasma membranes of, keratinocyte, cells thicken as cytosol proteins bind to inner membrane face & lipids released by lamellated granules coat exterior surface making them | more resistant to destruction |
| stratum lucidum is only visible in __ skin | thick |
| stratum corneum is broad zone, 20-30 layers thick, accounting for up to 3/4 of epidermal __ | thickness |
| shingle0like cell remnants of stratum corneum are referred to __, or horny, cells | cornified |
| stratum __ are dandruff shed from scalp & dander, loose flakes that slough off dry skin | corneum |
| cells of dermis are typical of those found in any CT proper, which are | fibroblasts, macrophages, occasional mast cells, & WBC |
| matrix of dermis is __, embedded w/fibers, binding entire body together like a body stocking | semi-fluid |
| dermis is __ __ with nerve fibers, blood vessels, & lymphatic vessels | richly supplied |
| major portion of hair follicles, as well as oil/sweat glands, are derived from __ tissue but reside in dermis | epidermal |
| many dermal papillae contain __ __ of the subpapillary plexus | capillary loops |
| touch receptor in papillary layer of dermis | Meissner's corpuscles |
| collectively the overlying papillae, dermal ridges, & epidermal ridges are called | friction ridges |
| sweat pores open along crests of friction ridges, leaving identifying films of sweat called | fingerprints |
| network of blood vessels that nourish reticular layer, lies btwn reticular layer & hypodermis | cutaneous plexus |
| contains pockets of adipose cells & thick bundles of interlacing collagen fibers | reticular extracellular matrix |
| collagen fibers in reticular extracellular matrix run __ to skin surface | parallel |
| cleavage/tension lines in skin, tend to run __ in skin of head & limbs | longitudinally |
| cleavage/tension lines in skin, tend to run __ in skin around neck & trunk | circularly |
| dermal folds that occur at/near joints, where dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures; because skin cannot slide as easily to accommodate joint movement, dermis folds & deep skin creases form | flexure lines |
| indicated by silvery white scars, called striae, commonly called stretch marks | dermal tearing |
| separation of epidermal & dermal layers by fluid-filled pocket | blister |
| melanocytes are stimulated to greater activity by __ secreted by surrounding keratinocytes when exposed to __ | chemicals; sunlight |
| carotene tends to accumulate in stratum __ & fatty tissue of __ | corneum; hypodermis |
| carotene can be converted to __ __ essential for normal vision, as well as for epidermal health | vitamin A |
| reddened skin may indicate embarrassment/blushing, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy | erythema |
| during fear, anger, & certain other type of emotional stress, some people become pale; may also signify anemia or low blood pressure | pallor/blanching |
| almost metallic appearance of skin is sign of Addison's disease, in which adrenal cortex is producing inadequate amount of its steroid hormones; sign/presence pituitary gland tumors in inappropriately secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | bronzing |
| black-and-blue marks reveal where blood escaped from circulation & clotted beneath skin | bruises |
| clotted masses where blood escaped circulation, are called | hematomas |
| epidermal gland that produces sweat | sudoriferous gland |
| eccrine sweat glands are also called | merocrine |
| hypotonic filtrate of blood that passes through secretory cells of sweat glands & is released by exocytosis | eccrine gland secretion |
| microbe-killing peptide, secreted by eccrine sweat gland | dermcidin |
| sebaceous gland blocked by accumulated sebum | whitehead |
| if material from whitehead oxidizes & dries, it darkens to form | blackhead |
| nipple-like bit of dermal tissue, protruding into hair bulb; contain knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to growing hair & signals it to grow | hair papilla |
| wall of hair follicle is composed of outer CT root __, __ membrane, & __ root sheath | sheath; glassy; epithelial |
| wall of hair follicle derived from dermis | CT root sheath |
| wall of hair follicle; thickened basement membrane | glassy membrane |
| wall of hair follicle derived mainly from invagination of epidermis; have internal & external parts, thins as it approached the hair bulb so that only single layers of cells cover papilla | epithelial root sheath |
| tubular epithelial sheath that surrounds lower part of hair shaft & encloses at bottom a vascular papilla supplying growing basal part of hair w/nourishment | hair follicle |
| terminal hair grows in response to stimulating effects of __ and when these hormones are present in large amounts, terminal hair growth is luxuriant | androgens |
| most important influencing factors for hair growth & density | nutrition & hormones |
| poor nutrition means poor __ __ | hair growth |
| conditions that increase local dermal blood flow, such as chronic physical irritation or inflammation, may __ local hair growth | enhance |
| excessive hairiness, may result from adrenal gland or ovarian tumor that secrete abnormally large amounts of androgens | hirsutism |
| in each __ __, an active phase, ranging from weeks to years, is followed by a recessive phase | growth cycle |
| hair matrix cells die & follicle base & hair bulb shrivel somewhat, dragging hair papilla upward to abut region of follicle that does not regress | regressive phase |
| phase after regressive phase, 1-3 months | resting phase |
| after resting phase, cycling part of follicle regenerates & activate bulge cells migrate toward papilla; matrix proliferates again & forms new hair to replace old one that fell out/will be pushed out by new hair | active phase |
| follicles of scalp remain active for 6-10 years before becoming __ for a few months | inactive |
| baldness | alopecia |
| true, or frank, baldness; genetically determined, sex-influenced condition | male pattern baldness |
| immune system attacks follicles & hair falls out in patches | alopecia areata |
| proximal nail fold projects onto nail body as | cuticle/eponychium |
| region beneath free ridge of nail, where dirt & debris tend to accumulate | hyponychium |
| yellow-tinged nails may indicate | respiratory or thyroid disorders |
| yellow-tinged nails combined with thickening of nail, may indicate | nail fungus infection |
| outward concavity of nail (spoon nail) may signal | iron deficiency |
| horizontal lines (Beau's lines) across nail may hint of | malnutrition |
| low pH of skin secretions is called | acid mantle |
| wounded skin releases large quantities of protective peptides, particularly effective in preventing infection by group A streptococcus bacteria, called | cathelicidins |
| lipid-soluble substances, oleoresins, organic solvents, salts of heavy metals, selected drugs, penetration enhancers can all | penetrate skin |
| certain plants, such as poison ivy & oak, emit | oleoresins |
| acetone, dry-cleaning fluid, & paint thinner, which dissolve cell lipids, are all | organic solvents |
| drug agents that help ferry other drugs into body | penetration enhancers |
| passage of organic solvents through skin into blood can cause __ to shut down & __ damage | kidneys; brain |
| absorption of lead results in | anemia & neurological defects |
| respond to stimuli arising outside body; cutaneous sensory receptors | exteroreceptors |
| scaling & various kinds of skin inflammation | dermatitis |
| produce a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective qualities | keratinocytes |
| responsible for skin pigmentation | melanocytes |
| sensory receptor for touch | Merkel cells |
| present antigens to killer T lymphocyte | Langerhans' cells |
| single row of cells composed of keratinocyte stem cells, melanocytes, & Merkel cells | Stratum basale |
| several cell layers thick, w/intermediate filaments, keratinocytes & Langerhans' cells | Stratum spinosum |
| 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes possessing filaments, keratohyaline, & lamellated granules | Stratum granulosum |
| thin, translucent band consisting of a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes | Stratum lucidum |
| many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled w/keratin (outermost layer of skin) | Stratum corneum |
| keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | epidermis |
| adipose connective tissue | hypodermis |
| areolar connective tissue | papillary layer of dermis |
| dense irregular connective tissue | reticular layer of dermis |
| which mechanism provides a chemical barrier and a mechanical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion and to provide "waterproofing" | protection |
| which mechanism provides dilation of blood vessels and secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surface | body temp regulation |
| which mechanism provides activation of numerous receptors that are part of the nervous system | cutaneous sensation |
| which mechanism provides synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones | metabolic functions |
| which mechanism provides potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels | blood reservoir |
| red | hemoglobin |
| yellow-orange | carotene |
| blue | cyanosis |
| ranges from yellow-reddish-brown-black | melanin |
| portion of the hair that is embedded in the skin | root |
| superficial covering of a hair consisting of a single layer of cells that overlap one another | cuticle |
| region of a hair that projects above the skin surface | shaft |
| central core of a hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces | medulla |
| intermediate layer of a hair composed of several layers of flattened cells | cortex |
| actively dividing cellular area of the bulb that produces the hair | hair matrix |
| superficial wall of the hair follicle which is derived from the dermis | connective tissue root sheath |
| expanded, deep region of a hair follicle | hair bulb |
| knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of a hair follicle | root hair plexus |
| bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from superficial dermis - hair follicle; produces goose bumps | arrector pili |
| found all over body except palms & soles | sebaceous glands |
| most abundant on palms, soles, & forehead | eccrine sudoriferous glands |
| axillary, anal, & genital regions | apocrine sudoriferous glands |
| line the external ear canal | ceruminous glands |
| pectoral region | mammary glands |
| integumentary system glands product of oil | sebaceous |
| integumentary system glands product of sweat | eccrine sudoriferous |
| integumentary system glands product consisting of components of sweat plus fatty substances and proteins | apocrine sudoriferous |
| integumentary system glands product consisting of components of earwax | ceruminous gland |
| integumentary system glands product of milk | mammary |
| nail structure that is visible, attached part of nail | body |
| nail structure that is epidermis on which nail rests | nail bed |
| nail structure that is proximal region of nail, embedded in skin | root |
| nail structure that is distal edge of nail | free edge |
| nail structure that is actively growing part of nail | nail matrix |
| nail structure that is white, crescent-shaped area under nail's proximal region | lunula |
| burns damage to only epidermis that results in redness, swelling, & pain | first-degree |
| burns with injury to epidermis & superficial region of dermis resulting in redness, swelling, pain, & blisters | second-degree |
| burns where entire thickness of skin consumed, resulting in burned area appearing white, red, or blackened | third-degree |
| least malignant form of skin cancer; stratum basale cells proliferate & invade dermis & hypodermis, causing tissue destruction | basal cell carcinoma |
| arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum w/lesions appearing as scaly, irregular, reddened small, rounded elevations that grow rapidly & metastasize if NOT removed | squamous cell carcinoma |
| "most dangerous form" skin cancer; highly metastatic & can originate wherever there is pigment, but often arises from existing moles, metastasizing rapidly into surrounding circulatory vessels | melanoma |
| two halves of a spot or a mole do NOT match | asymmetry |
| pigmented spot possesses notches & indentations | border irregularity |
| inconsistent pigmentation | color |
| larger than 6 mm | diameter |
| rises above the skin surface | elevation |
| rare condition where hair follicles are attacked by immune system, causing the hair to fall out in patches | Alopecia areata |
| fluid-filled, raised lesions, common around mouth & nose, that develop a yellow crust & eventually rupture; contagious | Impetigo |
| large, unsightly mass of scar tissue at skin surface produced by excessive & prolonged proliferation of connective tissue during healing of skin wounds | keloid |
| chronic inflammatory condition, resulting from over proliferation of epidermis; characterized by reddened epidermal papules covered with dry, silvery scales | psoriasis |
| causes yellowing of skin, especially in palms & soles from accumulation in stratum corneum when consumed in large amounts | too much carotene |
| increased production of melanin due to increased exposure to sun | tanning |
| yellowish to pale-green coloring of skin caused by an accumulation of bile pigments in blood | jaundice |
| possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders | cyanosis |
| fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation, allergy | redness or erythema |
| fear, anger, stress, anemia, low blood pressure | pallor or blanching |
| liver disorder | jaundice |
| Addison's disease; hypofunction of adrenal cortex | bronzing |
| blood clots beneath the skin | black & blue marks/bruises |
| secrete hypotonic filtrate of blood (99% water w/traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes & lactic acid) | Eccrine sweat glands |
| contains same secretions as true sweat, plus fatty substances & proteins. When these organic molecules decompose by bacterial action there is an associated unpleasant odor | Apocrine sweat glands |
| modified apocrine glands that secrete earwax | Ceruminous glands |
| modified sweat glands that secrete milk | Mammary glands |
| holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum to lubricate skin and hair | Sebaceous glands |
| maximum production of melanin | black hair |
| no production of melanin; no iron-containing pigment | blonde hair |
| absence of melanin; presence of iron-containing pigment | red hair |
| replacement of melanin with air bubbles in the hair shaft as melanin production decreases | white hair |
| presence of vernix caseosa produced by sebaceous glands | newborn baby |
| skin thickens and more subcutaneous fat is deposited | infancy & childhood |
| skin and hair become oilier as sebaceous glands are activated; dermatitis becomes more common | adolescence |
| epidermal cell replacement declines; skin thins; sebaceous gland activity diminishes | old age |
| body hair of children and adult females | vellus hair |
| coarser, long, darker hairs | terminal hairs |
| loss of hair | alopecia |
| genetically predetermined balding | male pattern baldness |
| hypodermic needle would first pass through __ , then two layers of __, the papillary layer and the reticular layer, before penetrating the hypodermis | epidermis; dermis |
| sebaceous glands are belong to which class | simple branch alveolar |
| terminal hair is located in all of the following areas, except the | body hair of females |
| dermis is primarily composed of | dense irregular connective tissue |
| epidermis is composed of | keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue |
| primary function of melanin is to | provide protection against sun's UV rays |
| correct sequence of epidermal layers of thick skin, deep to superficial | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
| NOT derivatives of the epidermis | dermal papillae |
| dermis possesses all the cells that one would expect to find in __ __; mast cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, & scattered WBCs | connective tissues |
| epidermis component possessing waterproofing glycolipid that functions in preventing water loss | lamellated granules |
| lamellated granules contain waterproofing __, secreted into __ __ & is major factor for slowing water loss across the epidermis | glycolipid; intercellular space |
| human integumentary system glands is believed to be analogous to the sexual scent glands of an animal | apocrine sudoriferous gland |
| most important in determining skin coloration | melanin |
| hypodermis, deep to skin, shares some of the skin's functions; it is | not a part of integumentary system |
| protection/insulation, excretion, preventing water loss, & regulation of body temperature | skin functions |
| first-degree burns are not considered critical because they | typically heal in a few days without any special attention |
| most immediate threat to life from a serious burn | loss of body fluids |
| immediate threat to life from serious burns is catastrophic loss of body fluids, which can lead to | fatal circulatory shock |
| strata is absent in thin skin | lucidum |
| stratum lucidum appears in __ __ but not in thin skin | thick skin |
| structures are primarily responsible for fingerprints | epidermal ridges and sweat pores |
| thick skin strata that is the thickest | corneum |
| person who experiences sudden flushing of skin, especially on nose/cheeks, may be in early stages of | rosacea |
| in conjunction w/intake of alcohol, spicy foods, or after hot bath/sun exposure | rosacea can worsen |
| layer of skin that relies on capillaries in underlying connective tissue of dermis for nutrients | epidermis |
| same bacterium that causes peptic ulcers | possible cause of rosacea |
| cell that is part of the immune system | Langerhans' |
| Langerhans' cell is a(n) __ __ | fixed macrophage |
| keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum are known as | prickle cells |
| __ in the skin are caused by dermal tears | striae |
| will cause clumping of elastin fibers in dermis & cause skin to become leathery | overexposure to UV light |
| condition that would not be seen from overexposure to UV light | activation of the immune system |
| appears as black and blue marks | hematoma in the skin |
| wounded skin releases large quantities of __ __ that help prevent some infections | protective peptides |
| surgical incision performed on forearm will __ __ __ if incision is made along longitudinal plane rather than transverse plane | heal more readily |
| Because __ __ __ run longitudinally in skin of limbs, incision made parallel to these will result in skin gaping less & healing more readily | lines of cleavage |
| epidermis is __ and relies on capillaries in the underlying connective tissue for its nutrients | avascular |
| account for 5% of all the blood in the body | dermal blood vessels |
| sweat is produced as secretions pass through secretory cells of sweat glands by the process of __, leaving secretory cells __ | exocytosis; intact |
| dermal blood vessels not only __, reducing heat loss, but __ __ __ , allowing heat to radiate from body | contract; engorge with blood |
| can correctly be referred to as subcutaneous layer as well as superficial fascia | hypodermis |
| main function of our sparse body hair is to | sense things that lightly touch our skin |
| vitamin D, important in uptake of calcium, is produced in skin from | modified cholesterol molecules |
| to conserve body heat, constriction of blood vessels in dermis causes | warm blood to bypass the skin temporarily |
| new skin lotions have been developed that can __ __ __ before the cells develop into cancer cells | "fix" damaged DNA |
| dermis contains two __ __ areas | histologically separate |
| sensory detection | tactile cells |
| skin anchoring | hypodermis |
| protection from UV radiation | melanin |
| dermal papillae were missing then | friction ridges would be absent |
Created by:
lfrancois
Popular Anatomy sets