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OSUCOM NA EXAM 1
Neuro-Anatomy Exam I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What arteries make up the circle of willis? | Anterior communicating Artery, ACA, Internal Carotdid, Posteriro Communicating Artery, PCA, Basilar Artery |
| What causes an intraparynchymal hemorage? | Bleeding of small arteries that have entered the parynchyma. |
| Rupture of bridging veins causes? | subdural hematoma or epiarachnoid hematoma. |
| Does a subdural hematoma contain venous blood or arterial blood? Why? | Venous blood because it typically deals with the shearing of bridging veins. |
| What causes a subarachnoid hemorage? | Aneurysm |
| An epidural hematoma is caused by the rupture of what artery? | Middle meningeal artery. |
| What is found in the subarachnoid space? | Arteries, Veins, CSF |
| What crosses the potential space between the arachnoid mater and the meningeal layer of the dura mater? | Bridging veins and arachnoid granulations |
| List the layers of the meninges from external to internal. Include spaces; both actual and potential and associated blood vessels. | (1)Epidural Space w/middle meningeal artery(potential)(2)Periosteal Dura(3)Venous sinuses w/arachnoid concretions(intradural)(4)meningial dura(5)subdural space(potential)crossed by bridging veins, choroid plexus and CSF (6) Pia mater, capillaries,cortex. |
| What is the function of the arachnoid granulations? | Reabsorption of CSF into the dural venus sinuses |
| ACA and MCA are the terminal branches of? | Internal Carotid Artery |
| Precentral gyrus is composed of what type of cortex? What Histological area? What histological area is anterior to the precentral gyrus. | (1) Primary motor cortex (2) BA 4 (3) BA6 or premotor cortex. |
| Post Central gyrus is composed of what type of cortex? What histological area? What histological area is found posterior to post central gyrus? | (1)Primary somatosensory cortex (2) BA 3, 1, 2 (3)BA 5, 7 or unimodal somatosensory association cortex. |
| What are some C shaped structures associated with the telencephalon? | limbic lobe, fornix, caudate nucleus, lateral ventricle. |
| What ventricular structure is found anterior to the corpora quadrigemina? | cerebral aquaduct |
| The neural plate forms from which germ layer? | ectoderm |
| True/False. Neural crest arises from neuroectoderm as neural tube closes | T |
| True/False. The arachnoid, pia, and dura come from mesoderm. | False. The arachnoid and pia mater come from ectoderm while dura comes from mesoderm. |
| The lateral ventricles arise from which primary embryonic vesicles? What secondary vesicle? | Prosencephalon; Telencephalon |
| Which of the following cavities is derived from the Midbrain? Lateral Ventricles, Third Ventricle, Cerebral Aqueduct, Fourth Ventricle, Central Canal? | Cerebral Aqueduct. |
| The fourth ventricle is derived from which secondary vesicles? | Metencephalon and Myelencephalon |
| The central canal is derived from which primary embryonic vesicle? | Caudal neural tube (spinal cord) |
| Neural crest cells that migrate between neural tube and paraxial mesoderm become what? | DRG |
| What are the perimesencephalic cisterns? | Interpeduncular cistern, quadrigeminal and ambient cisterns. |
| What artery runs through the prepontine cistern/fossa? | basilar |
| What is the largest cistern? | cisternal magna? |
| What cistern is created due to the locking of DRG's in the intervertebral foramen? | Lumbar cistern |
| The marginal zone corresponds to which Rexed's laminae? | Lamina I |
| The corticospinal tract, in general, have two neurons. What are they known as? | Upper motor neuron (UMN) in primary motor cortex and Lower motor neuron (LMN) in ventral horn of spinal cord. |
| What is the analogous voluntary motor tract to the corticospinal in the FACE? | Corticobulbar tract |
| The neuronal cell body of the PCML/ALS pathway resides in which structure? | Dorsal Root Ganglion |
| The secondary neuronal cell body of the PCML/ALS pathway resides in which structure? | Nuclei in the spinal cord or brainstem |
| The tertiary cell body of the ALS/PCML reside in which structure. Be both general and specific. | Thalamus. VPL nucleus. |
| The fourth order neuron of the PCML/ALS pathway resides in which structure? | Primary somatosensory cortex. |
| What is the somatosensation of the PCML pathway? Three Answers. | Fine touch, vibration sense, and proprioception. |
| What is the somatosensation of the ALS pathway? Three answers | Pain (nociception), temperature, and crude touch. |
| What are the peripheral receptors of the PCML pathway? | MSO, GTOs, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's receptors, Hair receptors. |
| What are the peripheral receptors of th ALS? | Naked nerve endings for pain, temperature and itch. |
| The primary afferents in the PCML pathway are? Answer should include nerve types and size characteristics. | Nerve types are A-alpha, A-beta. They are large in diameter and heavily myelinated. Fast synaptic transmission. |
| What are the characteristics of the primary afferents in the ALS pathway? | Small diameter, lightly r unmyelinated, A-delta or type C fibers, and slow synaptic transmission. |
| Lesions above and below the site of decussation will yield different results. What are they? | Above: Contralateral deficits Below: Ipsilateral deficits |
| What ALS tract mediates descending pain modulation? | Spinomesencephalic tract |
| What ALS tract mediates arousal aspects of pain? | Spinoreticular tract |
| Where is the reticular formation located? | medulla and pons |
| What tract of the ALS mediates conscious perception of pain and temperature? | Spinothalamic tract |
| What dorsal column fascicle is located at the S5-T7 vertebral levels? | Gracile Fasciculus |
| What dorsal column fascicle is located at the T6-C1 vertebral level? | Cuneate fasiculus |
| What is described by motor and sensory systems, exhibited by both tracts and neeurons (spinal cord, cortex, etc)? Neurons arranged in an orderly manner throughout the nervous system. | Somatotopy |
| What are the two general somatic efferent cell columns in the ventral Horn? | Lateral innervating limbs, and anteromedial innervating proximal and trunk musculature. |
| What are the largest neurons in the CNS? What percentage of the axons in the corticospinal tracts orginate here? | Betz cells and 3% |
| True/False When talking about reflexes motor neurons receive disynaptic input from primary muscle spindle receptor afferents. | False. They actually receive monosynaptic input form primary mscle spindle receptor afferents. Motor neurons also receive synapses from interneurons that affect extensor/flexor reaction. |
| Define Muscle Tone: | State of readiness to resist stretch Maintenance of posture depends on resting level of firing of motor neurons. |
| What specifically causes hypertonia? | It results from loss of inhibitory control from higher cortical levels. |
| What specifically causes hypotonia? | A result of damage to lower motor neurons or sensory afferents. |
| Does the following describe an upper motor neuron or a lower motor neuron? Deficit contralateral if lesion above pyramidal decussation, deficit ipsilateral if below decussation, increased reflexes and tone, abnormal reflexes: Babinski's sign. | Upper Motor Neuron |
| Would the following be characteristic of an upper motor neuron or a lower motor neuron? Deficit is ipsilateral to the lesion, muscle atrophy and fasciculations, reflexes and tone decreased. | LMN |
| What is the disease that is characterized by demyelination in CNS that blocks or slows conduction of action potentials. It can be relapsing or remitting. When is the typical onset? | Multiple Sclerosis and the onset is 20-40. Survival is approximately 30 years. |
| Disease charcterized by degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons. Symptoms include muscle weakness. Affects the brainstem nuclei excluding those controlling eye movements. Sensation and cognition is normal. | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome can attack what part of the nervous system? | Typically the peripheral nerve. |
| Disease of the Neuromuscular Junciton. | Myasthenia gravis |
| Disease characterized by degeneration of the ventral horn motor neurons. | ALS and Polio |
| Disease characterized by Central Demyelination | Multiple Sclerosis |
| Degeneration of motor neurons in cortex. | ALS |
| ALS is characterized by selective degeneration of what? | UMN-Primary motor cortex; UMN descending-lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts and corticobulbar tract; LMN-Most brainstem and anterior horn nuclei excluding III, IV, and VI; Resulting in fasciculations, atrophy, and spasticity. |
| BA area 6 receives prjections from basal ganglia via which nucleus of the thalamus? | Ventral Anterior Nucleus |
| What arterial supply supplies the PLIC? | lenticulostriate and anterior choroidal arteries. |
| What is the somatotopy of the PLIC, starting at the genu and moving posterolaterally? | Face, Arm, Trunk, Leg |
| What artery supplies the Basis pedunculi? | PCA |
| What is the somatotopy of the Basis pedunculi? | Face medial to leg lateral |
| What is the site of origin, site of decussation, levels of termination, and function of: Lateral Corticospinal tract? | Primary Motor Cortex BA 4, 6, 3, 1, 2, 5, 7; Pyramidal Decussation at the cervicomedullary jnx; runts the entire cord(predominantly at cervical and lumbosacral enlargments); movement of contralateral limbs. |
| What is the site of origin, site of decussation, levels of termination, and function of: Rubrospinal Tract? | Red Nucleus, magnocellular division; Ventral tegmental decussation, in the midbrain; cervical cord; movement of contralateral limbs (funciton is uncertain in humans) |
| What is the site of origin, site of decussation, levels of termination, and function of: Anterior Corticospinal Tract | Primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area; no decussation; cervical and upper thoracics; control of bilateral axial and girdle muscles. |
| What is the site of origin, site of decussation, levels of termination, and function of: | Medial VST: medial and inferior vestibular nuclei. Lateral VST: lateral vestibular nucleus; no decussation; Medial VST: cervical and upper thoracics. Lateral VST entire cord; Medial VST: positioning of head and neck; lateral VST: balance. |
| What is the site of origin, site of decussation, levels of termination, and function of: Reticulospinal tracts | Pontine and medullary reticular formation; no decussation; entire cord; automatic posture and gait-related movements |
| What is the site of origin, site of decussation, levels of termination, and function of: Tectospinal tract | Superior colliculus; dorsal tegmental decussation in the midbrain; cervical cord; coordination of head and eye movement (uncertain in humans). |
Created by:
jpriddle01
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