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PRAXIS PSY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| on internal states, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking, and attention. | Cognitive theories of psychology are focused |
| Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies | mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn |
| Wilhelm Wundt is best known for | establishing the first psychology lab in Liepzig, Germany |
| , Piaget developed an interest in the intellectual development of children. | cognitive |
| In Piaget’s view, | early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations. |
| A schema | describes both the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing. Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world. |
| The process of taking in new information into our previously existing schema’s is known as | assimilation |
| Accommodation involves altering existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. | Accommodation |
| behaviorism, | is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning` |
| 1.Classical conditioning | is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response |
| Operant conditioning ( | (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. |
| Ivan Pavlov, | classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus |
| The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response | For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus. |
| The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus | In our example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response. |
| The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response | suppose that when you smelled your fav food, you also heard a whistle. if the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus. |
| The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus | In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle. |
| Humanistic psychology was instead focused on each individual’s potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization | fundamental belief of humanistic psychology was that people are innately good, with mental and social problems resulting from deviations from this natural tendency |
| •Hierarchy of Needs •Founder of Humanistic Psychology | maslow |
| At the peak of this hierarchy is self-actualization. The hierarchy suggests that when the other needs at the base of the pyramid have been met, the individual can then focus their attention on this pinnacle need. | Self-actualization is described as "…the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially." |
| The concept of self-efficacy lies at the center of psychologist Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory | Bandura’s theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, social experience, and reciprocal determinism in the development of personality. |
| Emphasis on the unconscious mind Pointing out that the sex drive is a powerful human motive His explanation of defense mechanisms Stressing that early childhood experiences affect the devloping personality | freud |
| The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung founded analytic psychology at the turn of the last century | jung |
| theory of psychosocial development suggest that the need for social approval is important. | eric erikson |
| Skinner was very interested in controlling and manipulating conditions and animal behavior. He built a box to do just that, which became known as the “Skinner Box,” in which animals would press bars and receive stimuli, such as food pellets | He came up with the term operant behavior when he noticed that the rats would press the bar based on the following stimulus, and not the preceding stimulus like Pavlov and Watson thought |
| Skinner then came up with operant conditioning, which states that behavior can be controlled by manipulating punishments and rewards in the environment. | skinner |
| Regression (psychology), | a defensive reaction to some unaccepted impulses |
| making excuses | rationalization |
| a person unconsciously denies their own attributes, thoughts, and emotions, which are then ascribed to the outside world, such as to the weather, or to other people. Thus, it involves imagining or projecting that others have those feelings.[1] | projection |
| skinner viewed human behavior in terms of | physiological responses to the enviornment |
| freud believed the human mind was composed of functional elements known as the... | the superego, ego, and id. superego of moral commands, ego is the conscious mediator, and the id is the disres for pleasures |
| socialization | process by which indididual personality is formed therough social influences. |
| social mobility | involves the movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of social hierarchy or stratifcation |
| social institutions are | established organizations of positive significance to a society |
| prefjudice is a bias or hostility toward members of a certain group | discrimination is the carrying out of that belief trhough deeds |
| prejudice is an attitude | discimination is an action |
| a subculture | is a gruop differentiatied by ethnic, religoiious or social factors that exhibits characteristic patterns of behaviro that functionall unify the group and are sufficient to distinguish it from the srurrounding culture |
| cultural diffusion | spread of customs, beliefs, tools, and other aspects of a particular society to other groups of people over time |
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