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midterm exam study g
mrs fontaine's study guide for midterms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anchoring protein | a type of protein that attachs cell membranes to one another or to internal or external structures |
| carrier-mediated | to carry throughout |
| integral proteins | structural components of membrane; span the entire width of the membrane one or more times and are therefore known as transmembrane proteins |
| peripheral proteins | attach to the inner or outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily removed |
| channels | transport proteins that forms a passageway that permits the movement of water and small solutes across the cell membrane; have two major types: leak(permit continuous passive movement) and gated(close or open to regulate ion movement) |
| phospholipid | an important membrane lipid whose structure includes both hydrophilic and hydophobic regions |
| diffusion | passive molecular movement from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration |
| osmosis | the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from one solution toward another solution that contains a higher solute concentration |
| osmolarity | the total concentration of dissolved materials in a solution, regardless of their specific identities, expressed in moles |
| hypertonic | in comparing two solutions, the solution with the higher molarity |
| endocytosis | the movement of relatively large volumes of extracellular material into the cytoplasm vua the formation of membraneous vesicle at the cell surface; includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis |
| exocytosis | the ejection of cytoplasmic materials by the fusion of membraneous vesicle with the cell membrane |
| hydrophilic | freely associating with water; readily entering into solution (HEADS) |
| hydrophobic | incapable of freely associating with water molecules; insoluble (TAILS) |
| cytosol | the fluid in the portion of the cytoplasm |
| concentration | amount (in grams) or number of atoms, ions, or molecules (in moles) per unit volume |
| glycocalyx | a carbohydrate-enriched coating that covers the outside of many eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells, particularly bacteria |
| potential difference | the seperation of opposite charges; requires a barrier that prevents ion migration |
| vesicular transport | transmembrane or membrane associated protein which regulates or facilitates the movement by vesicles of the contents of the cell. |
| integumentary system | functions of this system include protection from environment; structures of this body system include cutaneous membrane (skin), hair, nails, and exocrine glands |
| muscular system | functions of this system include locomotion and heat production; structures of this system include skeletal muscles, tendons, and aponeuroses |
| endocrine system | structures of this system include the pineal gland, pitutitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, and gonads; functions include directing long-term changes |
| cardiovascular system | structures of this system include heart, blood vessels, and blood; functions of this system include the internal transport of materials |
| respiratory system | structures of this system include nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli;functions include delivery for air and gas exchange |
| urinary system | structures of this system include kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; functions include elimination of excess water |
| reproductive system | structures of this system include (for males) testes, accessory organs, and external genitalia (for females) ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external gentalia, and mammary glands; functions include production of sex cells |
| skeletal system | structures of this system include bones (206), cartilages, ligaments, and bone marrow; functions include support and protection |
| nervous system | structures of this system include central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS); functions of this system include maintaining homeostasis, responding rapidly, directing very specific responses to stimuli |
| lymphatic system | structures of this system include lymphatic muscles, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus; functions of this system include defense against infection and disease |
| digestive system | structures if this system include salivary glands, pharnyx , esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; functions of this system include processing of food |
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