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Anatomy ch. 3*
Organization of the Body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _________________make up the lowest level of the body hierarchy | molecules |
| ______________compose tissues, tissues form _______________, _______________are combined into organ systems, and the organ systems make up the human ____________________ | cells, organs, organs, organism |
| organisms interact with other organisms (______________) and with the environment (_________________) | society, envirome |
| the human physiological environment is _______________ | aqueous |
| water is a ______________for most biological molecules or solutes. | solvent |
| ____________are charged particles that dissovle in water | ions |
| ____________carry a negative charge and ______________carry a positive charge. | anions, cations |
| ______________are proteins that carry out chemical reactions for the body | enzymes |
| exergonic chemical reactions _____________ energy | give off |
| endergonic chemical reactions ____________ energy | absorb |
| energy can be ____________, _____________, ______________ and ________________ | chemical, electrical, mechanical or thermal |
| forms of molecular transport are ___________________, ___________________, and _______________________ | passive transport, active transport, and bulk mechanical transport |
| ___________________moves large materials into a cell, while ___________________moves large materials out of the cell | endocytosis, exocytosis |
| _________________is the diffusion of water | osmosis |
| cell theory or cell doctrine explains that all life has a ______________________ | cell structure |
| all cells have three components: ________________, ________________, and _________________ | cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genome |
| bacteria are _____________________cells which have no organelles or nucleus. | prokaryotic |
| human cells are ___________________ meaning they have organelles and contain the genome in a nucleus | eukaryotic |
| cell function is carried out by _______________ | metabolism |
| _____________is a molecule that transfers energy from repiration to the cell | ATP |
| aerobic respiration uses _________________ to break down glucose for energy | oxygen |
| aerobic respiration is composed of three states: _____________________, ____________________, and the ___________________________ | glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain |
| anaerobic respiration is carried out by muscles as ____________________ | fermentation |
| a gene is the genetic informationprogramming or ___________sequence for a characteristic | DNA |
| ______________________involves transcription and translation | Gene expression |
| the ________________describes what a cell is doing at a particular time during its differentiation or division stages. | cell cycle |
| some cells are ___________________and carry out no function | dormant |
| Asexual reproduction uses ______________to make two similar diploid cells from one cell. | mitosis |
| _________________cells in humans are diploid | somatic |
| sexual reproduction uses ________________to make four haploid cells carrying one of the set of homologous chromosomes. | meiosis |
| _________________cells in humans are gametes | haploid |
| _______________are made up of similar cells carrying out a specific function | tissues |
| the human body is composed of four tissue types: ____________________, ______________, _________________, _____________________ | epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue |
| ___________________forms coverings, linings, or glands | epithelium |
| ___________________tissue is composed of cells surrounded by a secreted matrix | connective |
| ___________________is a contractile tissue. | muscle |
| there are three types of muscle tissue: _______________, ___________________, _________________ | smooth, cardiac, skeletal |
| nerve tissue comprises ________________ and ___________________ | neurons and neuroglia |
| the _____________________of humans are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive system. | organ systems |
| cell pathology causes ___________________ dysfunctions of the body | hierarchy |
| cell aging is due to an accumulation of ____________________ | molecular decay |
| mutations cause _____________ damage during the _______ stage of interphase | DNA, S |
| some aging is due to ________________________ | telomere shortening |
| the cell of a ______________organism tends to carry out all of the organism's functions and makes up its full structure | unicellular |
| the cell of a _________________communicate and share the tasks of keeping the organism alive | multicellular |
| _______________describes how the human body interacts and adapts to the environment in order to survive | environomics |
| _______________are one of several substances known to conduct electricity and heat. | metals |
| _________________are proteins that carry out chemical reactions needed for homeostasis | enzymes |
| __________transport does not require energy but does need a diffusion gradient | passive |
| ___________transport needs cell energy but can work against a diffusion gradient | active |
| ______________is the active trasport of large particles or molecules into the cell | endocytosis |
| ______________is the active transport of large particles or molecules out of the cell | exocytosis |
| a _____________is any simple organism that must be seen with a microscope | microbe |
| ___________are primitive single celled microbes | bacteria |
| ___________are complex microbes that can be single celled or multicellular | fungi |
| the _________________is involved in modifying, storing, and shipping certain cell products from teh endoplasmic reticulum | golgi body |
| ____________are short and found in large collections on the cell surface | cilia |
| _______________are long whip-like structures usually found alone | flagella |
| _______________provide cells with much of the energy needed for survival | mitochondria |
| ___________respiration produces an abundance of cell energy in the presence of oxygen | aerobic |
| ___________respiration produces some cell energy in the absence of oxygen | anaerobic |
| the _______________is able to extract cell energy from amino acids and lipids taken in the diet. | Krebs cycle |
| _________________refers to the cells ability to build amino acids into proteins using DNA information | Gene expression |
| _________________involves the reading of the DNA followed by teh synthesis of an edited mRNA | transcription |
| _________________involves the reading of the mRNA by a ribosome that builds the protein from the amino acids carried by tRNA | translation |
| ______________control the occurence of cell division | mitogens |
| sexual cell dicision is called meiosis. it occurs in two nuclear divisions: the first separates___________________chromosomes, and the second separates _________________ | homologous, chromatids |
| ________________is a decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, or organ, while the enlargement of these body components is known as __________________ | atrophy, hypertrophy |
| ________________is the stage of karyokinesis during which chromosomes separate | anaphase |
| ________________is a connective-tissue type | blood |
| ________________is a standard unit of heat | calorie |
| ________________is a copy of a chromosome | chromatid |
| ________________is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body | metabolism |
| _________________is localized tissue death | necrosis |
| food is a form of _________________energy, which provides the ability for muscle movement, which is a form of _____________ energy | potential/ kinetic |
| the region of an enzyme that is the point of its attachment to another molecule is called the __________________ | active site |
Created by:
Lauren G.
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