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Anatomy Ch.2**
The Body's Chemical Makeup
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ________________and ________________work together to build and run the human body | matter and energy |
| elements are the raw materials of the body, but they do not work in _________________ | isolation |
| ________________is constantly needed to ensure that the molecules can carry out their roles | energy |
| humans are primarily composed of organic molecules called ____________________ | biochemicals |
| atoms with a particular proton number are called ___________________ | elements |
| elements that vary in neutron number are called ________________ | isotopes |
| ___________are elements that have more or fewer electrons than protons and carry an electric charge | ions |
| elements can form ____________, ______________, and _______________bonds | ionic, covalent, and hydrogen |
| an _________________is a molecule that has the same elemental makeup, but a different elemental arrangement. | isomer |
| organisms are primarily composed of organic molecules called ______________ | biochemicals |
| ________________are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides | carbohydrates |
| elements are bonded together to form a wide array of ________________ and ______________ molecules. | structual and functional |
| the four categories of human biochemicals are _____________, ______________, ______________ and _________________ | carbohydrates, lipids, peptides and nucleic acids. |
| all ____________________are composed of energy and matter | organisms |
| all matter is composed of ____________ | atoms |
| atoms have a central core called the nucleus, which is composed of ________________and _______________that determine the atomic mass | protons and neutrons |
| the proton number or atomic number determines the properties of an ____________ | atom |
| atoms with a particular proton number are called ___________________ | elements |
| elements that vary in neutron number are called ________________ | isotopes |
| ___________are elements that have more or fewer electrons than protons and carry an electric charge | ions |
| elements can form ____________, ______________, and _______________bonds | ionic, covalent, and hydrogen |
| an _________________is a molecule that has the same elemental makeup, but a different elemental arrangement. | isomer |
| organisms are primarily composed of organic molecules called ______________ | biochemicals |
| all biochemicals are composed of a _______________ and a _________________ | carbon skeleton, functional group |
| pH is a measure of the ____________________ concentration in a solution | hydrogen ion |
| ______________solutions have a high hydrogen ion concentration | acid |
| ____________or _______________solutions have a low hydrogen ion concentration | base, alkaline |
| pH numbers ____ through ____ are acids, _____ is neutral, and bases are pH ____ through ____ | 1, 6, 7, 8, 14 |
| ________________are used in the body to prevent pH fluctuations | buffers |
| _______________are classified as glycerides, sterols, and an assorted group containing vitamins | lipids |
| fatty acids can be _______________or _________________ | saturated or unsaturated |
| ________________are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides | carbohydrates |
| glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose are common _______________________ | monosaccharides |
| sucrose, lactose, maltose, and cellobiose are common __________________ | disaccharides |
| _________________usually have structual or storage roles in organisms. | polysaccharides |
| glycogen, startch, cellulose, and mucopolysaccharides are common _______________ | polysaccharides |
| biochemicals must be eaten in the right amounts to maintain _________________ | homeostasis |
| ___________________is the ability to maintain body function and structure | homeostasis |
| _________________means the body is not getting the proper proportion of biochemicals | malnutrition |
| ___________________means that body is not getting all the biochemicals it needs to maintain homeostasis | undernutrition |
| _____________________is due to destruction of essential biochemicals | molecular aging |
| molecular aging is also called ____________ | senescence |
| other factors, such as _____________ and _____________________, cause molecular decay | oxidation and ultraviolet light |
| ___________________are chemicals that prevent or slow molecule decay due to oxidation | antioxidants |
| _______________is the study of matter or the composition of substances | chemistry |
| ______________is the ability to do work | energy |
| ______________is the basic unit of all substances that has mass and occupies space | matter |
| _____________chemistry is the study of molecules with a carbon structure | organic |
| ______________studies the organic chemicals making up living organisms | biochemistry |
| the two major components of an atom are the ________________ and _________________ | atomic nucleus, atomic orbitals |
| a ______________is the smallest unit of a substance made up of two or more atoms and that retains the characteristics of that substance | molecule |
| ____________bonds involve the sharing of atomic orbitals | covalent |
| ____________bonds represent a weak electrical attraction usually between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecule | hydrogen |
| _____________bonds are electrical attractions between two or more oppositely charged ions | ionic |
| a _________________is a molecule made up of different types of atoms | compound |
| A ________________is composed of two or more of the same type of atom | pure molecule |
| ______________molecules provide chemical reactions for a body | bioactive |
| ______________molecules are used for building body components | structural |
| ______________help molecules dissolve in water | hydroxyl |
| ______________are involved in the transfer of electrons | carbonyl |
| ______________are involved in the transfer of electrons and exchange of hydrogen ions | carboxyl |
| ______________are involved in the transfer of electrons and exchange of hydrogen ions | amino |
| ______________are involved in the capture of energy and release of energy | phosphate |
| _______________are involved in creating the structure of molecules | sulfhydryl |
| ________________molecules are a mirror image shape of molecules and they can interfere with the functioning of the chiral form used by organisms | chiral |
| a hydrogen ion ______________attracts hydrogen ions making a solution less acidic or more basic | acceptor |
| a hydrogen ion _____________releases hydrogen ions making a solution more acidic or less basic | donor |
| ____________refers to charged particles capable of dissolving in water | polar |
| _____________molecules are typically not charged and do not dissolve in water | nonpolar |
| a ________________is a single unit of a molecule | monomer |
| a ________________is composed of groups of monomers attached to each other by covalent bonds | polymer |
| ________________molecules are repelled by water and ten to dissolve in lipids | hydrophobic |
| ________________molecules dissolve in water and tend not to mix with lipids | hydrophilic |
| _____________primarily are bioactive molecules such as sex hormones | sterols |
| the _______________are a group of lipids that compose the bioactive molecules called vitamins | terpenoids |
| _____________ and _____________are types of carbohydrates used as a source of energy for the body | monosaccharides, disaccharides |
| _____________ type of monosaccharide, a major source of cell energy | glucose |
| _____________type of monosaccharide, a source of energy found in milk | galactose |
| _____________type of monosaccharide, a sugar that can be used for energy but plans an important role in fighting infections | mannose |
| a ___________________is the monomer unit of a peptide | amino acid |
| a typical _________________is composed of a pentose sugar attached to a nitrogen base and phosphate functional group | nucleotide |
| _________________store and transfer genetic information as well as are involved in the transfer of cell energy | nucleic acids |
| two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds form a ___________________ | molecule |
| small chains of amino acids form _____________, and larger chains form ____________ | peptides, proteins |
| _____________cannot be chemically broken down | element |
| _____________3-D dtructure of a protein | tertiary |
| _____________primary fat stored in the human body | triglyceride |
Created by:
Lauren G.
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