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CHAPTER 11
HEART/BLOOD VESSELS, PROCEDURES, ETC
| TERM | DEFINITION |
|---|---|
| arrhythmias | abnormal heart rhythms |
| dysrhythmias | abnormal heart rhythms |
| heart block (aterioventricular block) | failure of proper conduction of impulses |
| flutter | rapid but regular contractions of atria or ventricles |
| fibrillation | rapid, random, ineffectual, and irregular contractions |
| cardia pacemaker | to overcome arrhythmias |
| defibrillator | electrical devise to restor proper rhythm |
| cardioversion | another name for shocking the heart |
| digozin | drug that slows heart rate |
| implantable cardioverter/defibrillater (ICD) | put in chest to sense arrhythmias and correct them |
| radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) | nonsurgical treatment for arrhythmia |
| cardiac arrest | sudden stoppage of heart movement |
| palpitations | uncomfortable sensations in chest associated with arrhthmias |
| premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) | cause palpitations |
| premature atrial contractions (PACs) | cause palpitations |
| congenital heart disease | abnormalities in heart at birth |
| coarctation of aorta (CoA) | narrowing of aorta |
| patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | small duct between aorta and pulmonary artery normally closes soon after birth, remains open (patent) |
| septal defects | small holes in septa between atria or ventricles |
| heart-lung machine | relieves heart and lungs of pumping |
| trans-catheter closure | clamshell devise into heart via cathator closes septal defects |
| minimally invasive heart surgery | surgery through puncture holes in chest |
| tetralogy of Fallot | congenital malformation of heart involving four (tetra) distinct defects |
| tetralogy of fallot defect 1 pulmonary artery stenosis | blood is not adequately passed to lungs for oxygen |
| tetralogy of fallot defect 2 ventricular septal defect | gap in septum lets deoxygenated blood through |
| tetralogy of fallot defect 3 shift of aorta to right | aorta overrides inerventricular septum |
| tetralogy of fallot defect 4 hypertrophy of right ventricle | myocardium has to work harder to pump blood |
| blue baby | has tetralogy of fallot shich causes cyanosis |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | heart is unable to pump requied amount of blood |
| pulmonary adema | fluid seeps out of capillaries into tiny air sacs of lung because of CHF |
| left ventricular assist device (LVAD) | booster pump in abdomen for people waiting for heart transplant because of CHF |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | disease of arteries surrounding the heart |
| atherosclerosis | deposite of fatty compounds on inner lining of coronary artery |
| thrombotic occlusion | blocking of the coronary artery by a clot |
| ischemia | descrease in blood flow |
| necrosis | death |
| infarction | dead mycardial tissue |
| acute coronary syndromes (ACS) | consequences after plaque rupture coronary arteries |
| consequences of ruptured coronary artery | unstalbe angina, myocardial infarction |
| angiography | x ray imaging of coronary arteries |
| revascularization | blood flow to heart muscle |
| nitroglycerin | treats acute attacks of angina |
| nitrates | drug is vasodilator increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure |
| aspirin | prevent aggregation of platelets |
| beta-blockers | reduce force and spee of heartbeat to lower blood pressure |
| ACE inhibitors | reduce high blood pressure and risk of future heart attacks |
| calcium channel blockers | relax muscles in blood vessels |
| statins | lower cholesterol levels |
| coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) | replace clooged vessels |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | catheterization with ballons and stents open clogged arteries |
| transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) | laser makes holes in heart muscle to induce angiogenesis(growth of new blood vessels) |
| endocarditis | inflammation of inner lining of heart causedd by bacteria |
| vegetations | lesions caused by infection or trauma to heart valves |
| emboli | lesions that break off into blood stream (vegatations) |
| petechiae | pinpoint hemorrages |
| cure endocarditis | antibiotics |
| hypertensive heart disease | high blood pressure affecting the heart |
| ventricular hypertrophy left | narrowing of arteriols causes to pump more from hypertensive heart disease |
| mitral valve prolapse(MVP) | improper closure of mitral valve |
| murmur | an extra heart sound, heard between beats |
| bruit (bru-long e) | abnormal sound or murmur hear on ausculation |
| thrill | vibration felt on palpation of chest, often accompanies a murmur |
| pericarditis | inflammation of membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart |
| cardiac tamponade | compression of heart caused by collection of fluid |
| pericardiocentesis | drains excess fluid in the pericardium |
| rheumatic heart disease | heart disease caused by rheumatic fever |
| rheumatic fever follows after | streptococcal infection |
| rheumatic heart disease can cause | mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation and congestive heart faluire |
| aneurysm | local widening (dialation) of an arterial wall |
| berry aneurysms | aneurysms of small vessels in brain |
| hypertension (HTN) | high blood pressure |
| exxential hypertension | most high blood pressure with no identifiable cause |
| secondary hypertension | caused by another associated lesion |
| peripheral vascular disease (PVD) | blockage of blood vessels outside of the heart |
| carotid | neck artery |
| femoral | thigh artery |
| popliteal | back of knee artery |
| intermittent claudication | absence of pain or discomfort in a leg at rest but pain, tension, weakness after walking has begun |
| raynaud disease | short episodes of pallor and cyanosis in fingers and toes |
| vericose veins | abnormally swollen and twisted veins usually in legs |
| hemorrhoids (piles) | varicose veins near the anus |
| angina (pectoris) | chest pain resulting from temporary difference between supply and demand of oxygen to heart muscl |
| ausculation | listening with a stethoscope |
| beta-blockers | durgs used to treat angina, hypertension and arrhythmias, block action of epinephrine at recepter sites, ,slowing the heartbeat |
| calcium channel blockers | treat angina, hypertension, dialate blood vessels by blocking influx of calcium to muscles cells lining vessels |
| cardiac tamponade | pressure on heart caused by fluid in pericardial space |
| claudiction | pain,tension and weakness in leg after walking has begun |
| digoxin | drug treats arrhythmias and strengthens heartbeat |
| emboli (sing embolus) | colecctions of materials travel to and suddenly block a blood vessel |
| ingarction | area of dead tissue |
| nitrates | treat angina, dilate blood vessels |
| occlusion | closure of a blood vessel |
| patent | open |
| statins | dugs used to lower cholesterol in bloodstream |
| LAB TEST:lipid tests | measure cholesterol and triglycerides in blood sample |
| saturated fats | animal origin |
| polyundaturated fats | vegetable origin |
| LAB TEST:liprotein electrophoresis | lipoproteins (combo of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample |
| LAB TEST:serum enzyme tests | chemicals measured in blood as evidence of heart attack |
| serum enzyme tests for | creatine kinase (CK), troponin-I (cTnI), troponin-T (cTnT) |
| DIAGNOSTIC: angiography | x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injecting contrast material |
| DIAG: arteriography | x-ray of imaging of arteries after injecting contract into aorta or artery |
| DIAG: digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | video equipment and computer produce x ray images of blood vessels |
| ULTRASOUND: doppler ultrasound | sound waves measure movement of blood flow |
| ULTRASOUND: echocardiography (ECHO) | high-frequency sound waves and echoes produce images of heart |
| NUCLEAR: positron emission tomography (PET) scan | images showing blood flow and function of myocardium following uptake of radioactive substances |
| NUCLEAR:technetium (Tc) 99m Sestamibi scan | Technetium 99m sestamibi injected IV and taken up in area of an MI |
| NUCLEAR:thallium 201 scan | concentration of a radioactive substance measured in mycardium |
| MAGNETIC: carciac MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | images of cardiac tissue produce with magnetic waves |
| PROC: cardiac catheterization | thin flexible tube guided into heart via vein or artery |
| PROC: electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) | recording of electricity flowing through heart |
| PROC: Holter monitoring | An ECG device worn during 24 hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias |
| PROC: stress test | exercise tolerance test (ETT) determine heart's response to physical exertion |
| TREAT: cardioversion (defibrillation) | very brief discharges of electricity, applied across chest to stop arrhythmias |
| PROC: endarterectomy | surgical removal of diseased inner layers of artery |
| PROC:extracorporeal circulation | heart-lung machine diverts blood from heart and lungs while heart is being stopped |
| TREAT: heart transplantation | a donor heart is transferred to a recipient |
| TREAT: percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | balloon-tipped catheter inserted into coronary artery to open artery; stents are put in place |
| TREAT: thrombolytic therapy | drugs to dissolve clots are injected into blood stream of patients with coronary thrombosis |
| streptokinase | drug to restore blood flow to heart |
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