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Brain 1 & 2
Brain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Brain is? | 3lb in adults; 100 billion neeurons; 10-50 trillion neuroglia; one thousand trillion synapses |
| Brain Function | sensory perception, motor responses, regulation of internal environment, learning-memory-reasoning, emotion-personality |
| Brain Blood Flow 1 | mainly via internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries; depriving oxygen for 4 minutes brain injury; blood returns to heart via internal jugular veins |
| Brain Blood Flow 2 | Neurons synthesize ATP via aerobic cellular respiration; brain cannot store glucose; if glucose is low causes dizziness, confusion |
| Parts of Brain | Brainstem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, and Cerebrum |
| Protective covering of brain | bone=skull; fluid=cerebrospinal fluid; membranes=meninges |
| dural venous sinuses | drain venous blood from the brain to the internal jugular veins |
| vascular sinus | a thin-walledvein that contains no smooth muscle to alter its diameter |
| Three extensions of dura mater (brain) | Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebellum, Falx cerebelli |
| Falx cerebri | seperates 2 hemispheres of cerebrum |
| Tentorium cerebellum | seperates cerebrum from cerebellum |
| Falx cerebelli | seperates 2 heispheres of cerebellum |
| Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) | prevents passage of many (potentially) harmful substances from blood into brain; keeps helpful drugs out |
| BBB is formed by | astrocyte processes and tight junctions between endothelial cells in brain capillaries |
| Astrocytes processes (BBB) | selectively allow passage of some substances (glucose) but keep out others (microbes, proteins, antibiotic drugs); gatekeeper b/w capillaries and neurons |
| Lipid soluble substances (BBB) | can diffuse across cell membranes of BBB (oxygen, carbon dioxide, most anesthetics |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | clear, colorless fluid c-ntaining glucose, oxygen, protein, ions; 80-150ml in entire CNS |
| CSF Functions | mechanical protection, chemical protection, and circulation |
| mechanical protection (CSF) | "Brain floats" in CSF, cushioning impact with skull |
| chemical protection (CSF) | maintains optimal ion concentration for transmission of nerve impulses |
| circulation (CSF) | moves nutrients and wastes between CNS and blood; in cavities in brain-spinal cord & around brain-spinal cord in subarachnoid space |
| 1st and 2nd ventricles (lateral ventricles) | are located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum |
| septum pellucidum | a thin membrane that seperates the lateral ventricles |
| 3rd ventricle | located in the diencephalon b/w the right and left halves of thalamus |
| interventricular foramina | connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle |
| 4th ventricle | located b/w the brainstem and the cerebellum |
| cerebral aqueduct | connects the 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle; conducts CSF to the central canal of the spinal cord |
| choroid plexuses (CSF Formation) | forms CSF in all 4 walls of all 4 ventricles of brain; networks of cappillaries covered by (cilated) ependymal cells |
| ependymal cells form (CSF Formation) | CSF from blood plasma by filtiration & secretion; ciliated cells help circulate CSF |
| ependymal cells joined by tight junctions (CSF Formation) | substances entering CSF from capillaries must pass through ependymal cells |
| CSF enters (CSF Formation) | subarachnoid space via openings in the 4th ventricle. |
| arachnoid villi (CSF Formation) | CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood; finger like extensions of arachnoid mater projecting into the venous sinuded of the dura mater |
| Hydrocephalus (water on brain) | blockage of drainage of CSF due to tumor, inflammation, developmental or injury causes elevated CSF pressure and enlargements of ventricles |
| Brain Stem | medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain |
| Medulla Oblongata 1 | Inferior part of brainstem; superior part of spinal cord, contains sensory and motor tracts to all parts of the brain, nuclei control vital functions |
| cardiac center (medulla oblongata) | regulates rate of heartbeat |
| respiratory center (medulla oblongata) | with pons, regulates rate, depth, and rhythm of breathing |
| vasomotor center (medulla oblongata) | regulates constriction and dilation of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls; helps regulate blood pressure |
| Other (non-vital)reflexes (medulla oblongata) | regulates coughing, vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, hiccuping |
| Medulla Oblongata 2 | contains nuclei involved with taste, hearing, and equilibrium, and nuclei associated with 5 pairs of cranial nerves |
| Pons | superior to medulla, anterior to cerebellum; sensory-motor tracts and nuclei; "bridge" that relays info to other parts of brain; nuclei with 4 pairs of cranial nerve |
| Midbrain 1 | extends from pons to diencephalon; contain cerebral aqueduct connecting to 3rd and 4th ventricle, sensory-motor tracts and nuclei; sends info fro cerebral cortex to pons, medulla, & spinal cord |
| Visual reflexes (midbrain) | tracking moving images, moves eyes while turning head, scanning stationary images |
| Auditroy reflexes (midbrain) | moves head to catch sound, "startle reflex" at sudden noise |
| Skeletal muscle reflexes (midbrain) | control some voluntary movements (posture), subconscious movements {damage-loss of dopamine-Parkinson's disease |
| Midbrain 2 | nuclei associated with 2 pairs of cranial nerves |
| Reticular Formation | Netlike arrangement of white matter (axons) and gray matter (cell bodies); extends from upper spinal cord throughtout brainstem, and into diencephalon; contains both sensory and motor neurons |
| Reticular activating system (RAS) | has both sensory and motor fibers that project to cerebral cortex; helps maintain consciousness, active during awakening from sleep, motor function helps maintain muscle tone, a "filter" for important stimuli |
| reticular formation permits | stimuli to reach the thalamus, the thalamus will determine if the info is relayed to the cerebral cortex |
| Reticular activating system (RAS)injury | results in unconsciousness/coma; cerebral activity cannot be aroused even with strong stimulation |
| Cerebellum | inferior to occipital lobes of cerebrum, posterior to brain stem; 2nd largest part of brain; highly folded cortex increases surface area for more neurons in gray matter; divided into 2 lateral hemispheres |
| Cerebral cortex (step 1 edit motor activity) | sends motor impulses to skeletal muscles |
| Cerebellum (step 2 edit motor activity) | receives sensory info from receptors in muscles, tendons, joint, eyes, and ears regarding motion and body position |
| Cerebellum (step 3 edit motor activity) | sends feedback to motor areas of cerebral cortex |
| Cerebral cortex (step 4 edit motor activity) | sends motor impulses to correct errors and smooth out complex activit |
| 1. Cerebellum (movement process) | monitors intentions for movement by receiving impulses from motor cortex and basal ganglia |
| 2. Cerebellum (movement process) | monitons actual movement by recieving input from proprioceptors in muscles and joints and also from eyes and inner ear |
| 3. Cerebellum (movement process) | compares intentions with actual movement |
| 4. Cerebellum (movement process) | if any discrepancy b/w intentional and actual movement, the cerebellum sends out corrective feedback to motor neurons in cerebral cortex |
| Results of Cerebellum (movement process) | maintains body in equilbrium; coordinates fine/skilled motor activites such as posture, dancing, stepping off a curb, catching a ball |
| Cerebellum damage | results in ataxia or jerky uncoordinated movements and loss of muscle tone |
| Diendcephalon | extends from brain stem to cerebrum; surrounds 3rd ventricle; consists of Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus |
| Thalamus | paired oval masses of gray matter connected by intermediate mass |
| Thalamus transmits: | info from cerebellum (motor area of cerebral cortex); most sensory impulses from spinal cord (enables crude perception of pain, temp, pressure); finalfilter for incoming stimuli |
| Hypothalamus | inferior of thalamus; major center for homestasis; some parts lack BBB; monitors levels (pH, body temp, hormone levels, nutrients, osmotic pressure) |
| Hypothalamus functions 1 | controls/integrates activities of the ANS which regulates smooth, cardiac muscle and glands; synthesixes regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary; contains cell bodies of axons that end in posterior pituitary where they secrete hormones |
| Hypothalamus functions 2 | regulates rage, aggression, pain, pleasure, & arousal; feeding, thrist & satiety centers; body temp; regulates daily patterns of sleep |
| Hypothalamus consist of | a dozen or so nuclei in four major regions, wach regulates an aspect of homestasis |
| Nuclei | clusters of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the CNS |
| Epithalamus | superior and posterior to the thalamus; consist of pineal gland and habenular nuclei |
| pineal gland | pea-shaped gland of endocrine system; secretes melatonin (biological clock); visual input detects daylight/darkness; more melatonin is released at night (sleep) |
| habenular nuclei | involved in emotional responses to odors |
Created by:
sweetlatrece
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