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Appendicular Skel.
Includes Skeletal Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Examples of where cartilage is found | Ribs, Larynx, Epiglottis, Trachea, Intervertebral Disks, Pubic Symphasis, Menisci of Knees |
| Membrane of fibrous connective tissue around the surface of cartilage | Perichondrium |
| Characteristics of cartilage | Abundant in embryos, found throughout an adult body, connective tissue, consists primarily of water, resilient |
| Most abundant cartilage with a frosted appearance found at the end of long bones, ribs, larynx, and the nose | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Cartilage that contains many elastic fibers, is able to tolerate repeated bending, and is found in the ear and epiglottis | Elastic Cartilage |
| Cartilage that resists strong compression and strong tension, intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage, is found in the pubic symphasis, intracervical disks, and the menisci of the knees | Fibrocartilage |
| Function of bones | Support, movement, protection of underlying organs, mineral storage, blood cell formation |
| The site of blood cell formation is in the red marrow, this is called _________ | Hematopoiesis |
| Bones longer than wide, a shaft plus ends | Long Bones |
| Bones that are roughly cube shaped | Short Bones |
| Bones that are thin & flattened, usually curved | Flat Bones |
| Bones of various other shapes and do not fit into other categories | Irregular Bones |
| Dense outer layer of bone | Compact Bone |
| Internal network of bone | Spongy (Cancellous, Trabecular) |
| "Shaft" of the bone | Diaphysis |
| Ends of the bone | Epiphysis |
| Hollow cavity in the shaft of the bone filled with yellow marrow | Medullary Cavity |
| The fibrous membrane that covers the external surfaces of bones except at their articular surfaces | Periosteum |
| Fibers extending from the periosteum into the lamellae of the bone | Sharpey's Fibers (Perforating Fibers) |
| Membrane lining the medullary cavity of bone and other inner bone surfaces | Endosteum |
| Microscopic bone unit of compact bone, consisting of Haversian Canals and the surrounding lamellae; long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compressive forces | Osteon (Haversian System) |
| Osteons can be viewed as ________, and resemble __________ | Mini weight bearing pillars The rings of a tree trunk |
| Layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction | Lamella |
| What is the alternating pattern of the lamellae optimal for? | Withstanding torsion, twisting stresses |
| Runs through the core of each osteon, lined by endosteum, contains blood vessels | Central Canal (Haversian Canal) |
| Lie at right angles to the central canals and connect the blood & nerve supply of the periosteum to the central canals and marrow cavity | Perforating Canals (Volkmann's Canals) |
| Mature bone cells that are spider shaped | Osteocytes |
| Osteocyte bodies occupy small cavities in the solid matrix called.... | Lacunae |
| Osteocyte spider legs occupy thin tubes called..... | Canaliculi |
| Chemical composition of bone is made up of _____ organic components & ______ inorganic components | 35% 65% |
| 35% organic components are composed of.... | Cells, fibers, organic substances, collagen |
| Contributes to the flexibility & tensile strength of bones | Collagen |
| 65% inorganic components are composed of..... | Primarily calcium phosphate |
| The appendicular skeleton has ______ classified bones | 126 |
| The upper extremities and the pectoral girdle have _____ classified bones | 64 |
| The lower extremities and the pelvic girdle have _____ classified bones | 62 |
| The pectoral girdle attaches the ______ _______ to the trunk, and the pelvic girdle attaches the ______ _____ to the trunk | Upper extremities, lower extremities |
| The pectoral girdle consists of the..... | Clavicles & the scapulae |
| The medial end of each clavicle articulates with the..... | Manubrium and first rib |
| The medial end of the clavicles are also called..... | The sternal end of the clavicle(s) |
| Laterally each end of the clavicles join the..... | Scapulae |
| The lateral end of each clavicle is also called.... | The acromial end |
| What type of joint is the shoulder joint? | Ball and socket |
| What do the clavicles help do? | Provide attachment for muscles, hold the scapulae and the arms laterally, transmit compression forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton |
| Where do the scapulae lie? Where are they located? | On the dorsal surface of the rib cage and are located between ribs 2-7 |
| How many borders do the scapulae have? How many angles? | 3 Borders: Superior, Medial, Lateral 3 Angles: Lateral, Superior, Inferior |
| Articulates with the head of the humerus and forms the shoulder joint | The Glenoid Cavity |
| A process that articulates with the acromial end of the clavicles | Acromion |
| How many bones form each upper limb? | 30 |
| How many classified bones are in the hand? | 27 (54 between both hands) |
| The only bone of the arm | Humerus |
| Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb, articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity, articulates with the radius & ulna at the elbow | Humerus |
| Located at the proximal end of the humerus and fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula | Head |
| Located at the distal end of the humerus | Condyles |
| Name the 2 condyles at the distal end of the humerus | Trochlea & Capitulum |
| Medial condyle on the humerus that articulates with the ulna | Trochlea |
| Lateral condyle on the humerus that articulates with the radius | Capitulum |
| Located directly superior to the trochlea on the posterior surface of the humerus; receives the olecranon process of the ulna | Olecranon Fossa |
| Located directly superior to the trochlea on the anterior surface of the humerus; receives the coronoid process of the ulna | Coronoid Fossa |
| The forearm is formed by the..... | Radius and Ulna |
| Name the ligament that connects the radius & ulna and connects the tibia & fibula | The interosseous membrane |
| The lateral forearm bone | Radius |
| The medial forearm bone | Ulna |
| The main bone responsible for forming the elbow | Ulna |
| Where are the radioulnar joints located? | At the proximal and distal ends of the radius and ulna |
| Prominent projection on the proximal end of the ulna that fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when the forearm is fully extended | Olecranon Process |
| Prominent projection on the proximal end of the ulna that fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus when the forearm is flexed | Coronoid Process |
| Forearm bone that contributes heavily to the wrist | Radius |
| Smooth depression on the lateral side of the proximal end of the ulna where the ulna articulates with the head of the radius | Radial Notch |
| Where the ulna swings on the trochlea of the humerus | Trochlear Notch |
| Located on the distal end of the radius and receives the head of the ulna | Ulnar Notch |
| How many classified carpals make up the wrist? | 16 |
| How many classified metacarpals make up the palm? | 10 |
| How many classified phalanges make up the fingers? | 28 |
| Bones that form the true wrist at the proximal region of the hand, classified as short bones | Carpals |
| Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform; form the.... | Proximal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial |
| Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate; form the.... | Distal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial |
| How are the metacarpals numbered? | 1-5 beginning with the pollex |
| How are the phalanges numbered? | 1-5 beginning with the pollex |
| Each finger has how many phalanges? | 3: Proximal, Middle, Distal (except the thumb) |
| What does the pelvic girdle help do? | Attaches the lower limbs to the spine, supports visceral organs |
| Where do the hip bones unite anteriorly? | Pubic Symphasis |
| The hip bones articulate posteriorly with the _____ at the ______ _______ | Sacrum; Sacroiliac Joint |
| Name the 3 regions of the coxal bones | Ilium, Ischium, Pubis |
| Deep hemispherical socket on the lateral pelvic surface that holds the head of the femur | Acetabulum |
| Forms the superior region of the coxal bone, large & flaring, articulation with the sacrum forms the sacroiliac joint | Ilium |
| Forms the posteroinferior region of the coxal bone, anteriorly joins the pubis | Ischium |
| The strongest part of the hip bone; bear most of our weight when we are sitting | Ischial Tuberosities |
| Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone | Pubis |
| The two pubic regions are joined at this point by fibrocartilage at the midline | Pubis Symphasis |
| A large hole between the pubis and ischeum | Obturator Foramen |
| Carries the entire weight of the erect body, these bones are thicker and stronger than those of the upper limbs | The lower limbs |
| The single bone of the thigh, longest and strongest bone of the body | Femur |
| Articulates with the patella on the distal end of the femur | Patellar surface |
| Articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia | Medial and Lateral Condyles |
| Projections just above the condyles | Epicondyles |
| Triangular sesmoid bone, short bone, protects the knee anteriorly, embedded in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscle | Patella |
| The two bones that make up the leg region of the lower limbs | Tibia and Fibula |
| More massive, medial bone of the leg, the medial & lateral condyles are located at the proximal end and articulate with the femur | Tibia |
| The medial bulge of the ankle formed by the tibia | Medial Malleolus |
| Joints formed by the tibia and fibula at both the proximal and distal ends | Tibiofibular Joints |
| Stick-like lateral bone of the leg, helps stabilize the ankle joint | Fibula |
| The lateral bulge of the ankle formed by the fibula | Lateral Malleolus |
| Important functions of the foot | Supports the body weight, acts as a lever to propel the body forward when walking, pliable to walk on uneven ground |
| Make up the posterior half of the foot | Tarsals |
| Each foot contains how many tarsals? | 7 |
| Our body weight is primarily borne by the _____ & ______ | Talus & Calcaneus |
| Talus (ankle bone), Calcaneus (heel bone), Cuboid, Navicular, Medial Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform, Lateral Cuneiform | 7 Tarsal Bones |
| How are the metatarsals numbered? | 1-5 beginning with the hallux; first metatarsal supports body weight |
| How many classified bones make up the phalanges of the toes? | 28 |
| How many phalanges does each toe have? | 3: Proximal, Middle, Distal (except for the big toe, hallux) |
Created by:
sbarton
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